Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and their transformative impact on our concept of identity in a world plagued by digital fraud. It's mind-boggling how these cryptographic marvels are reshaping our understanding of identity and security. The implications are profound, and it’s high time we acknowledge the revolutionary potential of ZKPs. In a world where fraud is not just rampant but practically an industry of its own, ZKPs are nothing short of a godsend. They offer a level of security and privacy that was previously thought to be unattainable. With ZKPs, we can finally reclaim control over our identities and protect ourselves from the countless scams, data breaches, and identity thefts that have become all too common. An Introduction To ZKP Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) are a fascinating concept in the field of cryptography and computer science. They are a type of cryptographic protocol that allows one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the validity of the statement itself. In other words, it allows you to prove knowledge of a secret or the truth of a statement without revealing the secret or any other information about it. The key idea behind zero-knowledge proofs is to provide convincing evidence of knowledge without revealing the knowledge itself. This has important applications in privacy, security, and authentication. The Traditional Model of Identity Verification The traditional model of identity verification is riddled with flaws. From passwords that are easily stolen to personal information that's a goldmine for cybercriminals, it's an antiquated system in desperate need of an upgrade. Enter ZKPs, which allow us to prove our identity or specific attributes about ourselves without revealing the underlying data. It's like having a superpower that lets us assert our identity without exposing sensitive information. Imagine never having to give out your Social Security number, credit card details, or any other sensitive personal information to a website, service, or even a government agency! Finally, the Ultimate Control Over Our Personal Data With ZKPs, you can provide cryptographic proof that you are who you claim to be, without revealing your actual identity. This is a game-changer folks, as it shifts the power dynamics from institutions to individuals, giving us control over our personal data. Anonymous & Trustworthy Credentials ZKPs also enable us to create anonymous yet trustworthy credentials, which can be verified without exposing our identity. This is a dream come true for privacy advocates and those who value their personal data. We can now participate in transactions and interactions with confidence, knowing that our identity is secure, and our privacy is protected. Government Adoption - A Shift In Mindset But, of course, change comes with challenges. The widespread adoption of ZKPs requires not just technological advancements but also a shift in mindset. Governments, corporations, and even individuals really to start recognizing the value of these extraordinary cryptographic marvels and invest in further research leading to implementation. The time has come; we need to abandon our old, insecure systems and embrace this new paradigm of identity management. Defining and Constructing Zero-Knowledge Proof You know, these zero-knowledge proofs, they sound all fancy and dandy, but let's be real here, how on earth do we even get them? And before we even tackle that conundrum, we haven't even touched the tip of the iceberg! What does "zero knowledge" even mean, for crying out loud? So, let's break it down from the ground up. We need to start with the very basics, like defining what in the world we're talking about when we say "proof." I mean, it's not rocket science, a proof system can be thought of as some algorithm Π. This Π takes a statement, which is just a string x, and another string π, which they call the proof. And what's it gotta do? It's gotta spit out a 1, but only if π is a valid proof that statement x is actually true. Simple, right? For instance, think about Euclidean geometry. Statements there are just basic geometric facts like "the sum of degrees in a triangle equals 180 degrees," and the proofs, well, they're just those step-by-step derivations from those five postulates. Or how about Zermalo-Frankel + Axiom of Choice (ZFC)? Statements in that realm are just some highfalutin facts about sets, and the proofs, well, they're just those fancy, highbrow step-by-step derivations from the axioms. And if you thought that was it, think again! We can cook up all sorts of "theories." You know, where statements are like pairs (x, m), where x is a quadratic residue modulo m, and a proof for x is some number s that's magically related to x in mod m. Or what about theories where theorems are Hamiltonian graphs? Those are just graphs with n vertices, and they contain a cycle of n edges. The proofs here are just descriptions of that cycle. But here's the kicker, all these proof systems have one thing in common, they're efficient. Yeah, you heard me right! The whole point of a proof π is to make it a cakewalk to verify that the statement is true. No fuss, no muss, just easy peasy lemon squeezy. Now, brace yourselves, because to reach the holy grail of zero-knowledge proofs, Goldwasser and Micali had to take proofs to the next level. They went from those static sequences of symbols to some wild, interactive, probabilistic protocols between a prover and a verifier. And you might think, "What on earth does that mean?" Well, let me break it down for you. Imagine Alice, who's some kind of tetrachromat, and she can magically tell apart the colors of two identical pieces of plastic. She needs to prove this to Bob, right? So, what do they do? They go all experimental! Alice turns her back, Bob flips a coin, and with a 50/50 chance, either leaves the pieces as they are or swaps 'em. Alice has to guess whether Bob switched the pieces or not. If she gets it right every time after n rounds, Bob's confidence level goes through the roof. He'll be 1 minus 2 to the power of minus n sure that those pieces are truly different. And for a more "mathematical" twist, consider this. You've got numbers x and m, and you say x is a quadratic residue modulo m if there's some number s that can make x equal to s squared (mod m). Now, proving that x is a residue is a piece of cake, but can Alice, even if she's a computational wizard, prove to Bob that x is NOT a residue? Here's one way to do it. Bob takes some random s from Z* m and flips a coin. If it's heads, he sends s squared (mod m) to Alice; otherwise, he sends x times s squared (mod m). Alice shoots back with a 0 if Bob sent a quadratic residue, and a 1 if he didn't. And the magic is, if x is a non-residue, then x times s squared must also be a non-residue, and that's like a mathematical fact, folks! So no matter what Alice does, her chances of guessing right are just 1/2. So, if she keeps nailing it, Bob's confidence level will keep soaring to the sky, going 1 minus 2 to the power of minus n. Boom! The Cryptography & Mathematics Behind Zero-Knowledge Proofs Alright, strap in folks! We're diving headfirst into the wild world of mathematics, and specifically, zero-knowledge proofs. Buckle up because we're about to take a rollercoaster ride through number theory, modular arithmetic, and group theory. Are you ready? Let's go! Number Theory First things first, let's talk about numbers. Integers, rational numbers, real numbers – they're all in the mix, and they're as diverse as they come. Integers are like the wild bunch, including the positives, the negatives, and even that mysterious zero. You've got numbers like -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3... you get the idea. For example, 5 is in this gang. Now, rational numbers, they're the fractions of the bunch. Any number that can be written as a fraction with an integer numerator and denominator (as long as that denominator isn't playing zero) is a rational number. So, 1/2, 2/3, 7/1 – they're all in this club. But hold on, the real numbers, they're the wildest ones of them all. They've got the rational folks in there, but they're not stopping there. Nope, they're bringing in the irrational ones, those weirdos that can't be expressed as simple fractions and have never-ending, non-repeating decimal parts. 3.14159 (pi), the square root of 2, 2, -1 – they're all crashing this party. Modular Arithmetic Now, let's talk about modular arithmetic. Think of it as math with a twist. It's like playing with numbers on a clock – they wrap around after hitting a certain value. When we say something like 25 mod 3, we're basically saying, "Hey, what's the remainder when we divide 25 by 3?" In this case, it's 1. Yeah, 25 divided by 3 leaves us with 1 in the leftovers department. And guess what? We're keeping things positive here. That remainder is always a non-negative number; no room for negativity in this club. Modular Arithmetic in zk-SNARKs Now, we're getting into the nitty-gritty of cryptography and zk-SNARKs. In zk-SNARKs, we're using modular arithmetic to create some kind of secret handshake. We're making an arithmetic circuit within a finite field. Picture this: you've got some computation like x * y = z, but we're doing it within the bounds of a finite field defined by a prime number, let's say p = 13. So, if x = 7 and y = 8, we're doing (7 * 8) mod 13, which equals 9. It's like a secret math language, making sure everything stays within manageable limits. It adds an extra layer of mystery to our calculations, which is gold in the world of cryptography. In zk-SNARKs, the prover's showing off their skills, proving they did the math correctly without revealing their secret values. The verifier gets to check the proof without doing the math themselves and without learning anything juicy about those values. Pretty cool, right? Practice Questions If you're feeling brave, give these questions a shot: Calculate 18 mod 7 Calculate 30 mod 5 Calculate 21 mod 6 In a finite field defined by the prime p = 17, do the following calculations: a. (8 * 9) mod 17 b. (15 + 7) mod 17 c. (11 - 4) mod 17 Imagine you've got a computation x * y = z in a finite field with prime p = 19, and z = 5. Can you figure out possible values for x and y without spilling the beans? Group Theory Now, we're diving into group theory. Imagine a group as a gang of numbers with their own special operation. They've got four rules to follow: closure, associativity, identity element, and inverse element. Think of it as a secret club where everything has to go according to plan. Subgroups are like mini-clubs within the bigger gang. They've got their own rules to follow, but they're still part of the larger gang. It's like a gang within a gang. Homomorphisms and Isomorphisms Homomorphisms are like secret agents between gangs. They make sure the gang operations are still working when they go from one gang to another. It's like they're translating the secret handshake. Isomorphisms are the big deal. When two gangs are isomorphic, it's like they're long-lost twins. They're essentially the same gang but described differently. It's like saying that integers and even integers are two sides of the same coin. Fields Fields are the VIP club of mathematics. They've got addition and multiplication, and they've got rules like closure, associativity, commutativity, and more. Every number (except for zero) has a special inverse in this club. Real numbers and integers mod a prime number are some examples of fields. Oh, and finite fields, they're exclusive clubs with a limited guest list. There's always a special generator who can create all the elements in the club by raising different powers. It's like magic math! Polynomials and Roots Now, we're talking polynomials. They're like equations on steroids. A single equation between polynomials can represent a gazillion equations between numbers. It's like the math version of a superpower. Roots are like the secret codes of polynomials. If you find the right root, you can unlock the secrets hidden in the polynomial. And when one polynomial divides another, it's like a big brother watching over the little one. A Formal Definition From All This Nonsense! Let's dive into this formal definition nonsense, and I'll break it down for you in plain English. So, they're talking about this thing called a "probabilistic proof" for some set L with 0s and 1s. Sounds complicated, right? Well, it is! But let's go through it. First, there are two main characters in this story, P and V. P is like the guy trying to prove something, and V is the one who's there to check if P is telling the truth. They're like the dynamic duo of algorithms. Now, there are two key criteria here: If something is in L, and P and V chat about it, V better say "Accept" with a high chance (at least 90%). Otherwise, P's not doing a good job proving. Completeness: : If something is not in L, no matter what kind of tricky algorithm P∗ is, when P∗ and V discuss it, V should only "Accept" with a tiny chance (maximum 10%). If V keeps accepting, it means something fishy is going on. Soundness And don't you worry, they're not too fussy about P being super-efficient. It might be slow and clunky, but as long as it gets the job done, it's all good. On the flip side, even if P is devious and inefficient, the soundness rule still applies. So no tricks, P! Now, they start yammering about efficient provers and NP-type proof systems, but let's not get bogged down in the details. Just know that they want P to do its job without wasting too much time. Oh, and this bit about strategies? It's like when you're playing a game, and you're not sure if the other players are playing fair. They're saying, "Hey, we don't want to rely on anyone's good intentions." They're ready for anything, even if someone's being sneaky. So, in a nutshell, they're looking for proof that's both solid and efficient, and they're not putting all their trust in anyone. Play nice, everyone, or things could get messy! Amplifying Zero-Knowledge Proofs Let's talk about this whole amplifying zero-knowledge proofs thing for a bit. So, you know, we've got this idea of running them n times one after the other, but why stop there? Why not just run those n copies in parallel and see what happens, right? But, of course, it's not like it's a walk in the park to guarantee that we still get that sweet error reduction to 2^-n. Like, who knows, maybe we luck out in the cases we care about, or maybe not. And then, oh boy, zero knowledge, it's like the holy grail of this whole cryptography game, right? Well, you see, it's not always guaranteed to stay intact. I mean, come on, we're not always sure if zero knowledge is still a thing when we're dealing with the ZK-Ham protocol. It's like this huge question mark hanging over our heads. Stuck in the Dark Ages!!, Well, for Ages!! You know what really grinds my gears? The fact that so many people out there are still stuck in the dark ages when it comes to thinking about identity. It's like we're living in a time warp, unable to embrace the incredible potential of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), and how they're reshaping the way we perceive and understand identity. I mean, seriously, ZKPs are nothing short of a game-changer. They're a technological marvel that can revolutionize the way we interact with the digital world. With ZKPs, we can finally break free from the chains of traditional identity systems that are plagued by privacy breaches, identity theft, and centralized control. Personally, I don’t understand why so many folks are still clinging to outdated notions of identity verification. We're talking about a paradigm shift here! ZKPs allow individuals to prove that they possess certain credentials or attributes without revealing any personal information. It's like having your cake and eating it too! You can prove you're over 18 without disclosing your birthdate. You can verify your educational qualifications without revealing your entire academic history. It's a privacy advocate's dream come true! And let's not forget about the centralized authorities that have had an iron grip on our identities for far too long. ZKPs give us the power to decentralize identity verification, removing the need for Big Brother to oversee our every digital move. It's about time we took control of our own data and who gets to access it. ZKPs are not some distant futuristic concept. They're here, they're now, and they're ready to reshape the way we think about identity. It's time to break free from the shackles of archaic identity systems and embrace the potential of ZKPs to create a more secure, private, and user-centric digital world. So, if you're still stuck in the past, clinging to outdated notions of identity, it's time to wake up and smell the cryptographic roses. ZKPs are here to stay, and they're reshaping the way we think about identity, whether you like it or not! See, this whole zero-knowledge proof thing, it's like taking proofs to a whole new level of mind-boggling complexity and secrecy, and it's mind-blowing! So, the next time you hear someone talk about zero-knowledge proofs, you'll know it's not just some walk in the park. It's a journey into the depths of mathematical secrecy and computational wizardry! Anyways, fraud, in all its forms, has been a persistent and insidious threat to our digital lives. It's time we as a society, as individuals, and as businesses, fought back and took a stand against this rampant menace. And if there's one tool in our arsenal that stands out as a potent weapon in this battle, it's Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). Let's take the example of online authentication. In the current system, when you log in to a website or app, you typically provide a username and password. These are "secrets" you know, and you share them with the service to prove your identity. But here's the catch: if that service gets breached, your username and password could be exposed to malicious actors. Fraudsters would then use this information to impersonate you, steal your data, or carry out fraudulent activities. Now, imagine a world where instead of sharing your actual password, you use a Zero-Knowledge Proof to prove that you know your password without revealing it. The service you're logging into would only get confirmation that you have the correct password, but they wouldn't actually see what it is. This means that even if the service gets hacked, your password remains safe. But the power of ZKPs doesn't stop at authentication. They can be applied to financial transactions, medical records, and a multitude of other scenarios where privacy and security are paramount. The potential benefits of ZKPs are immense, but there's a catch. Widespread adoption and deployment of ZKPs require a shift in how we approach digital security and a significant investment in research and development. It's not a silver bullet solution, and it won't be implemented overnight. But we must recognize that the stakes are high. Deployable fraud costs individuals and businesses billions of dollars every year, and the emotional toll it takes on victims is immeasurable. These cryptographic tools empower us to regain control over our identities, protect our personal data, and ultimately reshape the way we think about identity in the digital age. It's time to harness the potential of ZKPs and leave digital fraud in the past where it belongs.

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ZKPs Reshape The Way We Think About Identity

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE. here THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE. Below we illustrate the main parts of the Westinghouse brake as applied to a vehicle. The supplementary reservoir brake cylinder and triple valve are shown in position, and as fitted upon the engine, tender, and each vehicle of the train. Air compressed by a pump on the locomotive to, say, 70 lb. or 80 lb. to the square inch fills the main reservoir on the engine, and flowing through the driver's brake valve and main pipe, also charges the supplementary reservoirs throughout the train. When a train is running, uniform air pressure exists throughout its length--that is to say, the main reservoir on the engine, the pipe from end to end of train, the triple valves and supplementary reservoirs on each vehicle, are all charged ready for work, the brake cylinders being empty and the brakes off. The essential principle of the system is, that maintaining the pressure keeps the brakes off, but letting the air escape from the brake pipe, purposely or accidentally, instantly applies them. It follows, therefore, that the brake may be applied by the driver or any of the guards, or if necessary by a passenger, by the separation of a coupling, or the failure or injury to a vital part of the apparatus, whether due to an accident to the train or to the brake; and as the brake on each vehicle is complete in itself and independent, should the apparatus on any one carriage be torn off, the brake will nevertheless remain applied for almost any length of time upon the rest of the train. The triple valve, as will be seen, is simply a small piston, carrying with it a slide valve, which can be moved up or down by increasing or decreasing the pressure in the brake pipe. As soon as the air from the main reservoir is turned into the brake pipe, by means of the driver's valve, the piston is pushed up into the position shown, and air is allowed to feed past it through a small groove into the reservoir. At the same time the slide valve covers the port to the brake cylinder, and is in such a position that the air from the latter may exhaust into the atmosphere. The piston has now the same air pressure on both sides; but if the pressure in the brake pipe is decreased, the piston and slide valve are forced down, thereby uncovering the passage through which air from the reservoir flows into the brake cylinder between the pistons, thus applying the brakes. The brake pipe is shut off as soon as the triple valve piston passes the groove. To release the brakes, the piston and slide valves are again moved into the position shown, by the driver turning air from the main reservoir into the brake pipe. The air in the brake cylinder escapes, and at the same time the reservoir is recharged. Fig. 2 represents two Westinghouse couplings connected. They are exactly alike in all respects, and an air tight joint is made between them by means of the rubber washers. These couplings are so constructed that the air pressure within serves to tighten the joint, and they may be pushed apart by the separation of the train without any injury. Such an occurrence as already explained leads to the instant application of all the brakes on the train. By closing the small tap shown between the brake pipe and the triple valve, the brake on any vehicle, if out of order, can be cut out of the system. A release valve is also placed upon each cylinder as shown, so that in the event of the brakes being applied by the separation of the train, or the breaking of a pipe, or when the locomotive is not attached, they can be released by allowing the air to escape from each brake cylinder direct. The Westinghouse brake has been made to comply thoroughly with the Board of Trade conditions. Many people, however, do not appear to understand all that is involved in the second requirement, which runs as follows: In case of accident, to be instantaneously self-acting. This clearly implies: First, that accident to the train, or to any of its vehicles, shall cause the instant application of the brakes to the wheels of every vehicle in the train without the intervention of the driver or guards. Secondly, that any injury, however caused, which may impair the efficiency of the brake apparatus, shall, in like manner, lead to the instant application of all the brakes on the train. It then becomes impossible for a driver to run his train in ignorance of any defect in his brake apparatus because such defect at once discloses itself by applying the brakes and stopping the train. Thirdly, that each vehicle shall carry its own brake power in such a manner that the destruction of the brake apparatus on one or more of the carriages shall not affect the efficiency of the brakes upon any of the others. No continuous brake which does not comply with such conditions can ever be satisfactory.-- . The Engineer About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE

Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . The Lost Arts in New York here THE LOST ARTS IN NEW YORK. While the objects of ancient art contained in the Castellani collection, recently placed on exhibition in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in this city, are individually of great rarity and archæological value, they derive additional importance from the fact that, viewed conjunctively as a collection, they represent connected histories of two great industrial arts extending over many centuries. Both in the work of the goldsmith and of the potter, we are enabled to trace progress from the earliest stages up to a period when the greatest skill was attained, and even subsequently into the era of decadence. In both industries, we find that ancient and mediæval workmen possessed knowledge which we do not possess; and among Signor Castellani's treasures may be seen handiwork which is the embodiment of two lost arts, the secrets of which the modern world, with all its infinitely superior wisdom, has not yet rediscovered. The productions, in the Castellani collection, of precious metal workers dating from prehistoric epochs, the exact dates of which are wholly unknown, and covering the long period ending in the thirteenth century, are represented by the contents of some twenty cases. The first three of these receptacles bear no dates. The ornaments which they contain are of bronze, amber, silver, and glass (the latter having become converted into opalescent silicic acid), and were found in Præneste (modern Palestrina, Italy), and in the territory which was ancient Etruria. Case No. 4 bears date 700 B.C., and here is a rich treasure of primitive Etruscan and Phœnician ornaments of gold, adorned with granulated work. Signor Castellani considers that the workmanship of these objects is so perfect that it is impossible at the present time to explain the process of execution, and very difficult to imitate it. The ornaments are of two kinds—those for ordinary use and those for funereal purposes. The first are massive, and might be worn for years without injury; the others are extremely delicate. All are made of the purest gold, and their decoration evinces the most consummate skill and taste on the part of the artist. There is, for example, a small flask, shaped something like an antique wine jar, and about five inches in height. It is of beaten gold, and is covered with a pattern intended to imitate the similarly shaped designs of variegated glass of the Græco-Phœnician period. This pattern is entirely produced by minute globules of metal soldered to the surface in tiers of zigzag or Vandyke patterns. Another specimen is a strip of gold covered with granulated lines and bearing a row of birds in relief. On other ornaments are exquisitely carved heads and flowers, produced apparently by hammering on the reverse of the object, but with a delicacy and precision of touch which is simply marvelous. The closest students of this ancient handiwork are entirely at a loss to understand how the processes of melting, soldering, and wire drawing, which were employed in the art, were performed. Modern workmen have failed in their attempts exactly to imitate the old ornaments; and it is certain that the secret of the mechanical agents, whereby it was possible to separate and join pieces of gold hardly perceptible to the naked eye, is lost. Signor Castellani has taken great pains to solve the problem, reading all the treatises of mediæval goldsmiths, inquiring of all classes of Italian jewelers, and experimenting with all kinds of chemicals, in the hope of finding the solder wherewith the minute grains were attached to the surface of the metal. At last he found some of the old processes still employed in a remote district, hidden in the recesses of the Apennines, far from the great towns. Bringing away a few workmen, he gave them much more instruction, and at last succeeded, not perhaps in equalling, but certainly in rivalling the ancient productions. We question whether the Etruscans used fire at all in their soldering, as it would be almost an impossibility to keep the excessively fine tools necessary for the work at a proper heat. Mr. Joshua Rose offers the plausible suggestion that a cold flux was employed, with which the workman followed the lines or dots of his pattern. Then the gold granules were possibly sprinkled over the surface, and adhered only to the solder, the superfluous grains being brushed off after the solder had set. There is also a fragment of a finely woven fabric, made of threads of pure gold, found on the body of a woman in a tomb at Metapontum. This is without doubt the material to which the Psalmist refers in speaking of "the King's daughter" having "clothing of wrought gold;" and in the Pentateuch there is reference to gold threads being used upon looms. As we follow the various objects in the twenty cases above mentioned, the decline of the goldworker's art when the use of enamels came into vogue is evidenced. Continuing on to later periods, the decadence is more marked under the successors of Alexander. In Rome, under the emperors, we find gold used as a mere setting for precious stones, and finally the collection terminates with examples of workmanship of the time of Charlemagne, when the workmen had lost their cunning, and the noble metal had been altogether debased to secondary uses. The second instance where a lost art is exemplified in Signor Castellani's collection is in the glazing of the Gubbio majolica. We have not space here to review the magnificent series of ancient specimens of pottery in detail; and thus it will suffice to say that, beginning with some of the earliest pieces made by the Arabs when they occupied Sicily, from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, the collection presents examples of all the finest types of later mediæval art. Gubbio, where the peculiar kind of majolica above noted was made, is a small town once in the territory of the dukes of Urbino; and in the sixteenth century it became famous for its pottery. This was attributable to the talent of one man, Giorgio Andreoli, who is reputed to have invented the wonderful luster characteristic of the Gubbio ware. The body of majolica is mere common clay; and after the piece is finished on the wheel, it is dried and burnt in a furnace. After the biscuit thus prepared has been dipped in the glaze, the colors are applied on the soft surface of the latter, and the vitrifying process fuses all into a glossy enamel of the color of the pigment. This is still the common practice; and we mention it merely to show that to his pigment and glaze Andreoli must have added some third substance, which rendered the enamel capable of reflecting white light as blue, red, green, or yellow light—in other words, of giving the object a luster of a color wholly different from the tints of the pigment. He evidently could produce any desired color at will, and the effects gained are indescribably beautiful. The Castellani collection contains 130 superb specimens, which glow like jewels. In one, the scene of the nativity of Christ is provided with the figures in low relief, and the exquisite cerulean lustre is imparted to give the effect of moonlight. The rarest pieces are those of which the luster is a delicate green. Some blaze with yellow, as if of gold; others exhibit the brilliancy of the ruby; while others resemble the interior of the pearl oyster shell. Whether this sheen is produced by polarization of the light in some manner, or whether it is at all analogous to fluorescence, is yet to be decided. The impression of the surface with fine microscopic lines might produce an iridescence, but not separate and clearly defined hues. The ware was intended for ornamental purposes, not for household use; and it was suspended against the rich, dark tapestries of the period with which walls were covered, thus aiding, as it were, in illuminating the apartment with its exquisite radiance. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19406/pg19406-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE LOST ARTS IN NEW YORK

Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes by Charles Babbage, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Section 1 here SECTION 1. PROFESSIONAL IMPULSES. A large portion of those who are impelled by ambition or necessity to advance themselves in the world, make choice of some profession in which they imagine their talents likely to be rewarded with success; and there are peculiar advantages resulting to each from this classification of society into professions. The ESPRIT DE CORPS frequently overpowers the jealousy which exists between individuals, and pushes on to advantageous situations some of the more fortunate of the profession; whilst, on the other hand, any injury or insult offered to the weakest, is redressed or resented by the whole body. There are other advantages which are perhaps of more importance to the public. The numbers which compose the learned professions in England are so considerable, that a kind of public opinion is generated amongst them, which powerfully tends to repress conduct that is injurious either to the profession or to the public. Again, the mutual jealousy and rivalry excited amongst the whole body is so considerable, that although the rank and estimation which an individual holds in the profession may be most unfairly appreciated, by taking the opinion of his rival; yet few estimations will be found generally more correct than the opinion of a whole profession on the merits of any one of its body. This test is of great value to the public, and becomes the more so, in proportion to the difficulty of the study to which the profession is devoted. It is by availing themselves of it that men of sense and judgment, who have occasion for the services of professional persons, are, in a great measure, guided in their choice. The pursuit of science does not, in England, constitute a distinct profession, as it does in many other countries. It is therefore, on that ground alone, deprived of many of the advantages which attach to professions. One of its greatest misfortunes arises from this circumstance; for the subjects on which it is conversant are so difficult, and require such unremitted devotion of time, that few who have not spent years in their study can judge of the relative knowledge of those who pursue them. It follows, therefore, that the public, and even that men of sound sense and discernment, can scarcely find means to distinguish between the possessors of knowledge, in the present day, merely elementary, and those whose acquirements are of the highest order. This remark applies with peculiar force to all the more difficult applications of mathematics; and the fact is calculated to check the energies of those who only look to reputation in England. As there exists with us no peculiar class professedly devoted to science, it frequently happens that when a situation, requiring for the proper fulfilment of its duties considerable scientific attainments, is vacant, it becomes necessary to select from among amateurs, or rather from among persons whose chief attention has been bestowed on other subjects, and to whom science has been only an occasional pursuit. A certain quantity of scientific knowledge is of course possessed by individuals in many professions; and when added to the professional acquirements of the army, the navy, or to the knowledge of the merchant, is highly meritorious: but it is obvious that this may become, when separated from the profession, quite insignificant as the basis of a scientific reputation. To those who have chosen the profession of medicine, a knowledge of chemistry, and of some branches of natural history, and, indeed, of several other departments of science, affords useful assistance. Some of the most valuable names which adorn the history of English science have been connected with this profession. The causes which induce the selection of the clerical profession are not often connected with science; and it is, perhaps, a question of considerable doubt whether it is desirable to hold out to its members hopes of advancement from such acquirements. As a source of recreation, nothing can be more fit to occupy the attention of a divine; and our church may boast, in the present as in past times, that the domain of science has been extended by some of its brightest ornaments. In England, the profession of the law is that which seems to hold out the strongest attraction to talent, from the circumstance, that in it ability, coupled with exertion, even though unaided by patronage, cannot fail of obtaining reward. It is frequently chosen as an introduction to public life. It also presents great advantages, from its being a qualification for many situations more or less remotely connected with it, as well as from the circumstance that several of the highest officers of the state must necessarily have sprung from its ranks. A powerful attraction exists, therefore, to the promotion of a study and of duties of all others engrossing the time most completely, and which is less benefited than most others by any acquaintance with science. This is one amongst the causes why it so very rarely happens that men in public situations are at all conversant even with the commonest branches of scientific knowledge, and why scarcely an instance can be cited of such persons acquiring a reputation by any discoveries of their own. But, however consistent other sciences may be with professional avocations, there is one which, from its extreme difficulty, and the overwhelming attention which it demands, can only be pursued with success by those whose leisure is undisturbed by other claims. To be well acquainted with the present state of mathematics, is no easy task; but to add to the powers which that science possesses, is likely to be the lot of but few English philosophers. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (1998).Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1216/pg1216-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

PROFESSIONAL IMPULSES.

When the digital universe is expanding at an unprecedented rate, with terabytes of data being generated every day, the search for relevant information becomes increasingly challenging. The solution has been discovered in Information Retrieval (IR). It is present at every stage of our daily interactions with technology, whether we are shopping online, watching films or listening to music, searching for information on a browser, or using voice assistants. As a result, the quality of IR has a direct impact on our daily lives, influencing our decisions, informing our choices, and frequently broadening our horizons. In this article, we'll look at the key metrics for measuring information retrieval quality, as well as the issues that can arise when ensuring accuracy, and we'll suggest ways to build more responsive, reliable, and relevant retrieval systems. The Fundamentals of Information Retrieval IR is the process of obtaining information relevant to an information request from vast troves of online information sources. It has become vital in the digital age, when humanity must deal with data volumes not seen in history. In practice, IR is used in various systems to navigate and sort data in order to produce meaningful content for users. The most widespread IR systems include: : These IR systems use sophisticated algorithms to index millions of web pages in order to retrieve relevant results. Search Engine This type of IR system analyses user behavior and preferences in order to recommend products, movies, or songs. Recommendation System: This tool allows for the retrieval of information from structured databases, such as those found in academic institutions, libraries, and a variety of business applications. Database Search System: : This is a structured collection of digital objects that can be accessed and retrieved, such as books, magazines, audio, and video recordings. Digital Library Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) system: In this case, IR allows for the search of images based on their content rather than the usual metadata such as keywords or tags. Measuring Relevance The central problem that IR must solve is determining what information is truly relevant to a user. Subjectivity, context variability, and temporal changes influence relevance. Precision and recall are two key metrics used in IR to assess the relevance of results. Recall calculates the percentage of total relevant documents retrieved and answers the question. Precision, in turn, measures the fraction of retrieved documents that are relevant to the user's information need and answers the question. Although precision and recall are vital metrics, relying on either alone may provide a skewed picture of a system's performance. The F1 Score, the harmonic mean of precision and recall, comes into play here, providing a balance between the two. The best F1 score is 1, which indicates perfect precision and recall, and the worst score is 0. Understanding User Satisfaction While the efficiency and capability of algorithms in IR systems are important, the focus nowadays shifts to ensuring a product or service truly meets user needs and preferences. User-centric metrics are used to measure user satisfaction. (CTR) is a key user-centric metric that compares the number of clicks received by advertisers on their ads to the number of impressions. The higher the CTR, the more clicks a specific piece of content or advertisement receives, indicating how well it resonates with the audience. The Click-Through Rate time is another important metric that tracks how long a user stays on a page after clicking on it before returning to the search results page. The longer a user stays on a page, the more valuable, engaging, or relevant the content is to the query. The Dwel Beyond Text: Multimedia and Information Retrieval Though IR began with text-based searches, technological advancements resulted in the development of IR systems that specialize in images, videos, and audio. Image retrieval systems use a combination of metadata (tags, descriptions) and content-based image retrieval (CBIR) techniques to ensure search quality. Audio search frequently requires the conversion of speech to text using speech recognition systems, after which the text can be processed in the same way that text-based search is. Video retrieval is more difficult because it requires knowledge of both visual and audio elements. To assess the effectiveness of IR in multimedia content, the following metrics exist: : A subjective metric in which multiple users rate the quality of content on a scale (usually 1 to 5), with the average score representing the MOS. Mean Opinion Score (MOS) : A technical metric used to compare the quality of a reconstructed image or video to the original. A higher PSNR means higher quality. Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) : This metric evaluates the average squared difference between the original and compressed images and is commonly used in conjunction with PSNR. Lower MSE values indicate higher image quality. MSE Challenges in Measuring Information Retrieval Quality With the quality of IR systems heavily dependent on the quality of data used for their training and testing, can become a serious problem. Using historical data with social biases may result in an algorithm amplifying biases, reinforcing stereotypes, and undermining user trust. data bias To ensure in the IR process, it is critical to use training datasets that capture a diverse range of perspectives and to evaluate training results. fairness With the advent of sophisticated machine learning algorithms, personalization has become the cornerstone of many IR systems. Extreme personalization, on the other hand, may result in the a situation in which a user is exposed only to information that supports their views and is isolated from opposing viewpoints. 'echo chamber,' To avoid this, IR systems must ensure that users are exposed to a diverse range of information, fostering a well-rounded perspective. The Role of Machine Learning Machine learning (ML) has opened new opportunities for improving the quality of IR systems. ML allows systems to be trained on massive amounts of data in order to improve the ranking of search results based on various features, ensuring that users see the most relevant results first. ML algorithms can also analyze user behavior, preferences, and patterns to provide more personalized search results or recommendations, thereby increasing user satisfaction. Finally, machine learning models can detect anomalies in search patterns or unusual user behaviors, potentially identifying problems. For evaluating the performance of ML models, the prominent metrics include: This metric assesses the model's ability to distinguish between positive and negative classes. A value of 1 indicates perfect classification, while 0.5 indicates that the model is no better than random guessing. AUC-ROC (Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve): In IR, MAP provides an average of the precision values at the ranks where relevant items are retrieved. A higher MAP value indicates improved retrieval performance. MAP (Mean Average Precision): Case Studies IR systems are widely used in the e-commerce, healthcare, and finance industries: Amazon, the world's largest online retailer, employs a combination of keyword-based retrieval and collaborative filtering to assist users in locating relevant products among the company's millions of offerings. E-Commerce: ML models predict what products users might be interested in based on their search patterns, whereas Amazon's IR system considers user behavior, reviews, and previous purchases. This multifaceted approach ensures a better user experience, more sales, and better customer retention. IBM's cognitive technology Watson is capable of processing massive amounts of medical literature and patient records in order to retrieve relevant patient data and potential treatment options. It allows for more informed medical decisions, shorter diagnosis times, and better patient care. Healthcare: : Bloomberg uses IR techniques to scan, filter, and rank financial news articles in order to provide timely and relevant industry information to financial professionals so they can make informed decisions. This improves the quality of investment decisions and allows industry participants to stay up to date on critical financial events in near real-time. Finance IR systems can assist companies in adapting to rapidly changing business conditions, utilizing vast troves of data from various disciplines to achieve the most ambitious business goals, and implementing a truly user-centric approach to achieve long-term business growth. Future Directions The rapid development of technologies creates new trends in the IR field. IR systems will further integrate text, image, video, and audio retrieval into cohesive multi-modal systems. They will almost certainly become more adaptive, rapidly learning from individual user interactions and providing highly personalized experiences. With the rise of deep learning, more sophisticated neural network-based models for IR tasks are likely to emerge, potentially outperforming traditional models in accuracy and relevance. As quantum computing becomes more widely available, its ability to search vast databases in fractions of the time required by classical computers has the potential to revolutionize IR. However, the rapid development that is ongoing is linked to some ethical challenges. Here are some of the most obvious challenges and possible solutions: : IR systems can inherit or amplify societal biases present in their training data. Ensuring fairness and avoiding discrimination in search and recommendation results through continuous testing is paramount. Bias and Discrimination : Personalized search experiences often require collecting and analyzing vast amounts of personal user data. Introducing techniques that allow companies to collect and share aggregate user data without revealing individual user information could help mitigate privacy risks. Privacy Concerns : Highly personalized IR can trap users in "echo chambers." Finding ways to introduce diverse content without compromising on relevance will be a key challenge. Information Bubbles Conclusion In today's world, information retrieval is critical to how we access, process, and interact with information. Furthermore, IR has an impact on industries ranging from e-commerce to healthcare. This creates new business opportunities in a variety of industries, but it also introduces new challenges related to privacy risks and unintended societal consequences. Understanding and measuring the quality of IR is therefore critical for progress and the development of a prosperous society.

Measuring Information Retrieval Quality: Overview and Technical Metrics

PARAG AGRAWAL VIJAYA GADDE, and NED SEGAL v. Twitter Court Filing, retrieved on April 10, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 12 of 38. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here VERIFICATION Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 2023-0409 retrieved on September 29, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. int.nyt.com

Verification That the Twitter Executives Stand by Everything They Said

PARAG AGRAWAL VIJAYA GADDE, and NED SEGAL v. twitter Court Filing, retrieved on April 10, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 13 of 38. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here VERIFICATION PURSUANT TO DELAWARE UNIFORM UNSWORN FOREIGN DECLARATIONS ACT (10 . C.§ 5351et seq.) DECLARED UNDER 10 DEL. C. § 5356 DEL I, Ned Segal, pursuant to the Delaware Uniform Unsworn Foreign Declarations Act (10 Del. C. § 5351 et seq.), declare as follows: 1. I am a plaintiff in this action. 2. I have reviewed the Verified Complaint for Advancement (the "Complaint"). 3. To the extent the allegations in the Complaint concern my actions or matters of which I have direct personal knowledge, I know those allegations to be true and correct. 4. To the extent the allegations in the Complaint concern matters of which I do not have direct personal knowledge, I believe those allegations to be true and correct. I declare under penalty of perjury under the law of Delaware that the foregoing is true and correct, and that I am physically located outside the geographic boundaries of the United States, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, and any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 2023-0409 retrieved on October 4, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. int.nyt.com

Ned Segal Officially Declares That All of His Statements Against Twitter Are True and Correct

PARAG AGRAWAL VIJAYA GADDE, and NED SEGAL v. Twitter Court Filing, retrieved on April 10, 2023 is part of . You can jump to any part in this filing . This is part 14 of 38. HackerNoon’s Legal PDF Series here ARTICLE I CORPORATE OFFICES 1.1 REGISTERED OFFICE The registered office of Twitter, Inc. shall be fixed in the corporation's certificate of incorporation, as the same may be amended from time to time. 1.2 OTHER OFFICES The corporation may at any time establish other offices. Continue Reading . Here About HackerNoon Legal PDF Series: We bring you the most important technical and insightful public domain court case filings. This court case 2023-0409 retrieved on October 4, 2023, from is part of the public domain. The court-created documents are works of the federal government, and under copyright law, are automatically placed in the public domain and may be shared without legal restriction. int.nyt.com

Twitter's Corporate Offices: What's Going On With That?

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures by Charles Babbage is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Exerting Forces Too Great for Human Power, and Executing, Operations Too Delicate for Human Touch here Chapter 7. Exerting Forces Too Great for Human Power, and Executing Operations Too Delicate for Human Touch 56. It requires some skill and a considerable apparatus to enable many men to exert their whole force at a given point; and when this number amounts to hundreds or to thousands, additional difficulties present themselves. If ten thousand men were hired to act simultaneously, it would be exceedingly difficult to discover whether each exerted his whole force, and consequently, to be assured that each man did the duty for which he was paid. And if still larger bodies of men or animals were necessary, not only would the difficulty of directing them become greater, but the expense would increase from the necessity of transporting food for their subsistence. The difficulty of enabling a large number of men to exert their force at the same instant of time has been almost obviated by the use of sound. The whistle of the boatswain performs this service on board ships; and in removing, by manual force, the vast mass of granite, weighing above 1,400 tons, on which the equestrian figure of Peter the Great is placed at St Petersburgh, a drummer was always stationed on its summit to give the signal for the united efforts of the workmen. An ancient Egyptian drawing was discovered a few years since, by Champollion, in which a multitude of men appeared harnessed to a huge block of stone, on the top of which stood a single individual with his hands raised above his head, apparently in the act of clapping them, for the purpose of insuring the exertion of their combined force at the same moment of time. In mines, it is sometimes necessary to raise or lower great weights by capstans requiring the force of more than one hundred men. These work upon the surface; but the directions must be communicated from below, perhaps from the depth of two hundred fathoms. This communication, however, is accomplished with ease and certainty by signals: the usual apparatus is a kind of clapper placed on the surface close to the capstan, so that every man may hear, and put in motion from below by a rope passing up the shaft. At Wheal Friendship mine in Cornwall, a different contrivance is employed: there is in that mine an inclined plane, passing underground about two-thirds of a mile in length. Signals are communicated by a continuous rod of metal, which being struck below, the blow is distinctly heard on the surface. In all our larger manufactories numerous instances occur of the application of the power of steam to overcome resistances which it would require far greater expense to surmount by means of animal labour. The twisting of the largest cables, the rolling, hammering, and cutting large masses of iron, the draining of our mines, all require enormous exertions of physical force continued for considerable periods of time. Other means are had recourse to when the force required is great, and the space through which it is to act is small. The hydraulic press of Bramah can, by the exertion of one man, produce a pressure of 1,500 atmospheres; and with such an instrument a hollow cylinder of wrought iron three inches thick has been burst. In rivetting together the iron plates, out of which steam-engine boilers are made, it is necessary to produce as close a joint as possible. This is accomplished by using the rivets red-hot: while they are in that state the two plates of iron are rivetted together, and the contraction which the rivet undergoes in cooling draws them together with a force which is only limited by the tenacity of the metal of which the rivet itself is made. It is not alone in the greater operations of the engineer or the manufacturer, that those vast powers which man has called into action, in availing himself of the agency of steam, are fully developed. Wherever the individual operation demanding little force for its own performance is to be multiplied in almost endless repetition, commensurate power is required. It is the same 'giant arm' which twists 'the largest cable', that spins from the cotton plant an 'almost gossamer thread'. Obedient to the hand which called into action its resistless powers, it contends with the ocean and the storm, and rides triumphant through dangers and difficulties unattempted by the older modes of navigation. It is the same engine that, in its more regulated action, weaves the canvas it may one day supersede, or, with almost fairy fingers, entwines the meshes of the most delicate fabric that adorns the female form.(1*) The Fifth Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Holyhead Roads furnishes ample proof of the great superiority of steam vessels. The following extracts are taken from the evidence of Captain Rogers, the commander of one of the packets: Question. Are you not perfectly satisfied, from the experience you have had, that the steam vessel you command is capable of performing what no sailing vessel can do? Answer. Yes. Question. During your passage from Gravesend to the Downs, could any square-rigged vessel, from a first-rate down to a sloop of war, have performed the voyage you did in the time you did it in the steamboat? Answer. No: it was impossible. In the Downs we passed several Indiamen, and 150 sail there that could not move down the channel: and at the back of Dungeness we passed 120 more. Question. At the time you performed that voyage, with the weather you have described, from the Downs to Milford, if that weather had continued twelve months, would any square-rigged vessel have performed it? Answer. They would have been a long time about it: probably, would have been weeks instead of days. A sailing vessel would not have beat up to Milford, as we did, in twelve months. The process of printing on the silver paper, which is necessary for bank-notes, is attended with some inconvenience, from the necessity of damping the paper previously to taking the impression. It was difficult to do this uniformly and in the old process of dipping a parcel of several sheets together into a vessel of water, the outside sheets becoming much more wet than the others, were very apt to be torn. A method has been adopted at the Bank of Ireland which obviates this inconvenience. The whole quantity of paper to be damped is placed in a close vessel from which the air is exhausted; water is then admitted, and every leaf is completely wetted; the paper is then removed to a press, and all the superfluous moisture is squeezed out. The operation of pulverizing solid substances and of separating the powders of various degrees of fineness, is common in the arts: and as the best graduated sifting fails in effecting this separation with sufficient delicacy, recourse is had to suspension in a fluid medium. The substance when reduced by grinding to the finest powder is agitated in water which is then drawn off: the coarsest portion of the suspended matter first subsides, and that which requires the longest time to fall down is the finest. In this manner even emery powder, a substance of great density, is separated into the various degrees of fineness which are required. Flints, after being burned and ground, are suspended in water, in order to mix them intimately with clay, which is also suspended in the same fluid for the formation of porcelain. The water is then in part evaporated by heat, and the plastic compound, out of which our most beautiful porcelain is formed, remains. It is a curious fact, and one which requires further examination than it has yet received, that, if this mixture be suffered to remain long at rest before it is worked up, it becomes useless; for it is then found that the silex, which at first was uniformly mixed, becomes aggregated together in small lumps. This parallel to the formation of flints in the chalk strata deserves attention.(2*) The slowness with which powders subside, depends partly on the specific gravity of the substance, and partly on the magnitude of the particles themselves. Bodies, in falling through a resisting medium, after a certain time acquire a uniform velocity, which is called their terminal velocity, with which they continue to descend: when the particles are very small, and the medium dense, as water, this terminal velocity is soon arrived at. Some of the finer powders even of emery require several hours to subside through a few feet of water, and the mud pumped up into our cisterns by some of the water companies is suspended during a still longer time. These facts furnish us with some idea of the great extent over which deposits of river mud may be spread; for if the mud of any river whose waters enter the Gulf Stream, sink through one foot in an hour, it might be carried by that stream 1,500 miles before it had sunk to the depth of 600 or 700 feet. A number of small filaments of cotton project from even the best spun thread, and when this thread is woven into muslin they injure its appearance. To cut these off separately is quite impossible, but they are easily removed by passing the muslin rapidly over a cylinder of iron kept at a dull red heat: the time during which each portion of the muslin is in contact with the red-hot iron is too short to heat it to the burning point; but the filaments being much finer, and being pressed close to the hot metal, are burnt. The removal of these filaments from patent net is still more necessary for its perfection. The net is passed at a moderate velocity through a flame of gas issuing from a very long and narrow slit. Immediately above the flame a long funnel is fixed, which is connected with a large air-pump worked by a steam-engine. The flame is thus drawn forcibly through the net, and all the filaments on both sides of it are burned off at one operation. Previously to this application of the air-pump, the net acting in the same way, although not to the same extent, as the wire-gauze in Davy's safety lamp, cooled down the flame so as to prevent the combustion of the filaments on the upper side: the air-pump by quickening the current of ignited gas, removes this inconvenience. NOTES: The importance and diversified applications of the steam engine were most ably enforced in the speeches made at a public meeting held (June 1824) for the purpose of proposing the erection of a monument to the memory of James Watt; these were subsequently printed. Some observations on the subject, by Dr Fitton, occur in the appendix to Captain King's Survey of the Coast of Australia, vol. ii, p. 397. London, 1826. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (2003). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4238/pg4238.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Exerting Forces Too Great for Human Power, and Executing, Operations Too Delicate for Human Touch

Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Reading Documentation and Getting Help here A. Reading Documentation and Getting Help A.1 Kinds of Documentation On Debian systems, you can find documentation in at least the following places: ◼ man pages, read with the man command. ◼ info pages, read with the info command. ◼ The /usr/doc/ directories, where package is the name of the Debian package. package Tip: zless is useful for reading the files in /usr/doc; see section 8.1 on page [*] for details. ◼ /usr/doc/HOWTO/contains the Linux Documentation Project’s HOWTO documents, if you’ve installed the Debian packages containing them. ◼ Many commands have an -h or -help option. Type the command name followed by one of these options to try it. ◼ The Debian Documentation Project has written some manuals. [1] ◼ The Debian support page has a FAQ and other resources. You can also try the Linux web site . [2] [3] http://www.debian.org/~elphick/ddp/ [1] http://www.debian.org/support/ [2] http://www.linux.org [3] The confusing variety of documentation sources exists for many reasons. For example, info is supposed to replace man, but man hasn’t disappeared yet. However, it’s nice to know that so much documentation exists! So where to look for help? Here are some suggestions: ◼ Use the man pages and the -help or -h option to get a quick summary of a command’s syntax and options. Also use man if a program doesn’t yet have an info page. ◼ Use info if a program has info documentation. ◼ If neither of those works, look in /usr/doc/ . packagename ◼ /usr/doc/ often has Debian-specific information, even if there’s a man page or info page. packagename ◼ Use the HOWTOs for instructions on how to set up a particular thing or for information on your particular hardware. For example, the Ethernet HOWTO has a wealth of information on Ethernet cards, and the PPP HOWTO explains in detail how to set up PPP. ◼ Use the Debian Documentation Project manuals for conceptual explanations and Debian-specific information. ◼ If all else fails, ask someone. See section A.1.3 on page [*]. Using man pages is discussed above in section 5.1 on page [*]. It’s very simple: press the space bar to go to the next page, and press q to quit reading. Using info, viewing files in /usr/doc, and asking for help from a person are all discussed in the remainder of this chapter. A.1.1 Using info info is the GNU documentation viewer. Some programs provide documentationin info format, and you can use info to view that documentation. You can start up the viewer by simply typing info, or by supplying a topic as well: info emacs You can also bring up the information on info itself, which includes a tutorial, like so: info info Now, you may navigate with these keys: arrows Move the cursor around the document m RET Select the menu item that’s at the cursor u Move “up” in the document n Move to the next page p Move to the previous page s Search for something g Go to a specific page q Quit info You might notice that the top line of the screen indicates the next, previous, and “up” pages, corresponding nicely to the actions for the n, p, and u keys. A.1.2 HOWTOs In addition to their books, the Linux Documentation Project has made a series of short documents describing how to set up particular aspects of GNU/Linux. For instance, the SCSI-HOWTO describes some of the complications of using SCSI—a standard way of talking to devices—with GNU/Linux. In general, the HOWTOs have more specific information about particular hardware configurations and will be more up to date than this manual. There are Debian packages for the HOWTOs. doc-linux-text contains the various HOWTOs in text form; the doc-linux-html package contains the HOWTOs in (surprise!) browsable HTML format. Note also that Debian has packaged translations of the HOWTOs in various languages that you may prefer if English is not your native language. Debian has packages for the German, French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Swedish and Chinese versions of the HOWTOs. These are usually available in the package doc-linux- , where is fr for French, es for Spanish, etc. If you’ve installed one of these, you should have them in /usr/doc/HOWTO. However, you may be able to find more recent versions on the Net at the LDP homepage . languagecode languagecode [4] http://www.metalab.unc.edu/LDP/ [4] A.1.3 Personal Help The correct place to ask for help with Debian is the debian-user mailing list at debian-user@lists.debian.org. If you know how to use IRC (Internet Relay Chat), you can use the #debian channel on irc.debian.org. You can find general GNU/Linux help on the comp.os.linux.* USENET hierarchy. It is also possible to hire paid consultants to provide guaranteed support services. The Debian website has more information on many of these resources. [5] http://www.debian.org/ [5] Again, please ask the authors of this book for help. We probably don’t know the answer to your specific problem anyway; if you mail debian-user, you will get higher-quality responses, and more quickly. do not Always be polite and make an effort to help yourself by reading the documentation. Remember, Debian is a volunteer effort and people are doing you a favor by giving their time to help you. Many of them charge hundreds of dollars for the same services during the day. Tips for asking questions ◼ Read the obvious documentation first. Things like command options and what a command does will be covered there. This includes manpages and info documentation. ◼ Check the HOWTO documents if your question is about setting up something such as PPP or Ethernet. ◼ Try to be sure the answer isn’t in this book. ◼ Don’t be afraid to ask, after you’ve made a basic effort to look it up. ◼ Don’t be afraid to ask for conceptual explanations, advice, and other things not often found in the documentation. ◼ Include any information that seems relevant. You’ll almost always want to mention the version of Debian you’re using. You may also want to mention the version of any pertinent packages: The command dpkg -l will tell you this. It’s also useful to say what you’ve tried so far and what happened. Please include the exact error messages, if any. packagename ◼ Don’t apologize for being new to Linux. There’s no reason everyone should be a GNU/Linux expert to use it, any more than everyone should be a mechanic to use a car. ◼ Don’t post or mail in HTML. Some versions of Netscape and Internet Explorer will post in HTML rather than plain text. Most people will not even read these posts because the posts are difficult to read in most mail programs. There should be a setting somewhere in the preferences to disable HTML. ◼ Be polite. Remember that Debian is an all-volunteer effort, and anyone who helps you is doing so on his or her time out of kindness. ◼ Re-mail your question to the list if you’ve gotten no responses after several days. Perhaps there were lots of messages and it was overlooked. Or perhaps no one knows the answer—if no one answers the second time, this is a good bet. You might want to try including more information the second time. ◼ Answer questions yourself when you know the answer. Debian depends on everyone doing his or her part. If you ask a question, and later on someone else asks the same question, you’ll know how to answer it. Do so! A.1.4 Getting Information from the System When diagnosing problems or asking for help, you’ll need to get information about your system. Here are some ways to do so: ◼ Examine the files in /var/log/. ◼ Examine the output of the dmesg command. ◼ Run uname -a. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (2004). Debian GNU/Linux : Guide to Installation and Usage. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/6527/pg6527-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Reading Documentation and Getting Help

BUSINESS LETTERS

On War by Carl Von Clausewitz, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Manœuvring Book VII: Chapter XIII. Manœuvring 1. We have already touched upon this subject in the thirtieth chapter of the sixth book. It is one which concerns the defence and the attack in common; nevertheless it has always in it something more of the nature of the offensive than the defensive. We shall therefore now examine it more thoroughly. 2. Manœuvring is not only the opposite of executing the offensive by force, by means of great battles; it stands also opposed to every such execution of the offensive as proceeds directly from offensive means, let it be either an operation against the enemy’s communications, or line of retreat, a diversion, etc., etc. 3. If we adhere to the ordinary use of the word, there is in the conception of manœuvring an effect which is first produced, to a certain extent, from nothing, that is, from a state of rest or equilibrium through the mistakes into which the enemy is enticed. It is like the first moves in a game of chess. It is, therefore, a game of evenly-balanced powers, to obtain results from favourable opportunity, and then to use these as an advantage over the enemy. 4. But those interests which, partly as the final object, partly as the principal supports (pivot) of action, must be considered in this matter, are chiefly:— (a.) The subsistence from which it is our object to cut off the enemy, or to impede his obtaining. (b.) The junction with other corps. (c.) The threatening other communications with the interior of the country, or with other armies or corps. (d.) Threatening the retreat. (e.) Attack of isolated points with superior forces These five interests may establish themselves in the smallest features of detail belonging to any particular situation; and any such object then becomes, on that account, a point round which everything for a time revolves. A bridge, a road, or an entrenchment, often thus plays the principal part. It is easy to show in each case that it is only the relation which any such object has to one of the above interests which gives it importance. (f.) The result of a successful manœuvre, then, is for the offensive, or rather for the active party (which may certainly be just as well the defensive), a piece of land, a magazine, etc. (g.) In a strategic manœuvre two converse propositions appear, which look like different manœuvres, and have sometimes served for the derivation of false maxims and rules, and have four branches, which are, however, in reality, all necessary constituents of the same thing, and are to be regarded as such. The first antithesis is the surrounding the enemy, and the operating on interior lines; the second is the concentration of forces, and their extension over several posts. (h.) As regards the first antithesis, we certainly cannot say that one of its members deserves a general preference over the other; for partly it is natural that action of one kind calls forth the other as its natural counterpoise, its true remedy; partly the enveloping form is homogeneous to the attack, but the use of interior lines to the defence; and therefore, in most cases, the first is more suitable to the offensive side, the latter to the defensive. That form will gain the upper hand which is used with the greatest skill. (i.) The branches of the other antithesis can just as little be classed the one above the other. The stronger force has the choice of extending itself over several posts; by that means he will obtain for himself a convenient strategic situation, and liberty of action in many respects, and spare the physical powers of his troops. The weaker, on the other hand, must keep himself more concentrated, and seek by rapidity of movement to counteract the disadvantage of his inferior numbers. This greater mobility supposes greater readiness in marching. The weaker must therefore put a greater strain on his physical and moral forces,—a final result which we must naturally come upon everywhere if we would always be consistent, and which, therefore, we regard, to a certain extent, as the logical test of the reasoning. The campaigns of Frederick the Great against Daun, in the years 1759 and 1760, and against Laudon, 1761, and Montecuculis against Turenne in 1673, 1675, have always been reckoned the most scientific combinations of this kind, and from them we have chiefly derived our view. (j.) Just as the four parts of the two antitheses above supposed must not be abused by being made the foundation of false maxims and rules, so we must also give a caution against attaching to other general relations, such as base, ground, etc., an importance and a decisive influence which they do not in reality possess. The smaller the interests at stake, so much the more important the details of time and place become, so much the more that which is general and great falls into the background, having, in a certain measure no place in small calculations. Is there to be found, viewed generally, a more absurd situation than that of Turenne in 1675, when he stood with his back close to the Rhine, his army along a line of three miles in extent, and with his bridge of retreat at the extremity of his right wing? But his measures answered their object, and it is not without reason that they are acknowledged to show a high degree of skill and intelligence. We can only understand this result and this skill when we look more closely into details, and judge of them according to the value which they must have had in this particular case. We are convinced that there are no rules of any kind for strategic manœuvring; that no method, no general principle can determine the mode of action; but that superior energy, precision, order, obedience, intrepidity in the most special and trifling circumstances may find means to obtain for themselves signal advantages, and that, therefore, chiefly on those qualities will depend the victory in this sort of contest. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Carl von Clausewitz (2006). On War. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1946/pg1946-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

The Manœuvring

The Romance of Modern Mechanism by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CHAPTER XVI here THE HANDLING OF GRAIN THE ELEVATOR — THE SUCTION PNEUMATIC GRAIN-LIFTER — THE PNEUMATIC BLAST GRAIN-LIFTER — THE COMBINED SYSTEM THE ELEVATOR On or near the quays of our large seaports, London, Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Hull, Leith, Dublin, may be seen huge buildings of severe and ugly outline, utterly devoid of any attempt at decoration. Yet we should view them with respect, for they are to the inhabitants of the British Isles what the inland granaries of Egypt were to the dwellers by the Nile in the time of Joseph. Could we strip off the roofs and walls of these structures, we should see vast bins full of wheat, or spacious floors deeply strewn with the material for countless loaves. The grain warehouses of Britain—the Americans would term them "elevators"—have a total capacity of 10,000,000 quarters. Multiply those figures by eight, and you have the number of bushels, each of which will yield the flour for about forty 2-lb. loaves. In these granaries is stored the grain which comes from abroad. With the opening up of new lands in North and South America, and the exploitation of the great wheat-growing steppes of Russia, English agriculture has declined, and we are content to import five-sixths of our breadstuffs, and an even larger proportion of grain foods for domestic animals. It arrives from the United States, India, Russia, Argentina, Canada, and Australia in vessels often built specially for grain transport; and as it cannot be immediately distributed, must be stored in bulk in properly designed buildings. These contain either many storeys, over which the grain is spread to get rid of superfluous moisture which might cause dangerous heating; or huge bins, or "silos," in which it can be kept from contact with the air. Experiments have proved that wheat is more successfully preserved if the air is excluded than if left in the open, provided that it is dry. The ancient Egyptians used brick granaries, filled from the top, and tapped at the bottom, in which, to judge by the account of a grievous famine given in the book of Genesis, their wheat was preserved for at least seven years. During last century the silo fell into disrepute; but now we have gone back to the Egyptian plan of closed bins, which are constructed of wood, brick, ferro-concrete, or iron, and are of square, hexagonal, or round section. They are set close together, many under one roof, to economise space; as many as 2,985,000 bushels being provided for in the largest English storehouse. Such vast quantities of grain require well-devised machinery for their transport from ship to bin or floor, weighing, clearing, and for their transference to barges, coasting vessels, or railway trucks. The Alexander Grain Warehouse of Liverpool may be taken as a typical example of a well-equipped silo granary. It measures 240 by 172 feet, and contains 250 hexagonal bins of brickwork, each 80 feet deep and 12 feet in diameter. The grain is lifted from barges by four elevators placed at intervals along the edge of the quay. The elevator is a wooden case, 40 or 50 feet high, in which an endless band furnished with buckets travels over two rollers placed at the top and bottom. These are let down into the hold and scoop up the grain at the rate of from 75 to 150 tons per hour, according to their size. As soon as a bucket reaches the top roller it empties its charge into a spout, which delivers the grain into a bin, whence it is lifted again 32 feet by a second elevator to a bin from which it flows by gravity to a weighing hopper beneath; and as soon as two tons has collected, the contents are emptied automatically into a distributing hopper. After all this, the grain still has a long journey before it; for it is now shot out on to an endless, flat conveyer belt moving at a rate of 9 to 10 feet per second. It is carried horizontally by this for some distance along the quay, and falls on to a second belt moving at right angles to the first, which whisks it off to the receiving elevators of the storehouse. Once more it is lifted, this time 132 feet, to the top floor of the building, and dropped on to a third belt, which runs over a movable throwing-off carriage. This can be placed at any point of the belt's travel, to transfer the grain to any of the spouts leading to the 250 bins. Here it rests for a time. When needed for the market it flows out at the bottom of a bin on to belts leading to delivery elevators, from which it may be either passed back to a storage bin after being well aired, or shot into wagons or vessels. From first to last a single grain may have to travel three miles between the ship and the truck without being touched once by a human hand. The vertical transport of grain is generally effected by an endless belt, to which buckets are attached at short intervals. The grain, fed to the buckets either by hand or by mechanical means, is scooped up, whirled aloft, and when it has passed the topmost point of its travel, and just as the bucket is commencing the descent, it flies by centrifugal force into a hopper which guides it to the travelling belt, as already described. Of late years, however, much attention has been paid to pneumatic methods of elevating, by which a cargo is transferred from ship to storehouse, or from ship to ship, through flexible tubes, the motive power being either the pressure of atmospheric air rushing in to fill a vacuum, or high-pressure air which blows the grain through the tube in much the same way as a steam injector forces water into a boiler. Sometimes both systems are used in combination. We will first consider these methods separately. THE SUCTION PNEUMATIC GRAIN-LIFTER is the invention of Mr. Fred E. Duckham, engineer of the Millwall Docks, London. The ships in which grain is brought to England often contain a "mixed" cargo as well; and that the unloading of this may proceed simultaneously with the moving of the wheat it is necessary to keep the hatches clear. As long as the grain is directly under a hatchway, a bucket elevator can reach it; but all that is not so conveniently situated must be brought within range of the buckets. This means a large bill for labour, even if machinery is employed to help the "trimming." Mr. Duckham therefore designed an elevator which could easily reach any corner of a ship's interior. The principal parts are a large cylindrical air-tight tank, an engine to exhaust air from the same, and long hoses, armoured inside with a steel lining, connected at one end to the tank, and furnished at the other with a nozzle. These hoses extend from the receiving tank to the grain, which, when the air has been exhausted to five or six pounds to the square inch, flies up the tubes into the tank. At the bottom of the tank are ingenious air-locks, to allow the grain to pass into a bin below without admitting air to spoil the vacuum. The locks are automatic, and as soon as a certain quantity of grain has collected, tip sideways, closing the port through which it flowed, and allowing it to drop through a hinged door. Two locks are attached together, the one discharging while the other is filling. An elevator of this kind will shift 150 tons or more an hour. Mr. Duckham claims for his invention that it has no limit in capacity. It is practically independent of everything but its own steam power; and the labour of one man suffices to keep its flexible suckers buried in grain. No corner is inaccessible to the nozzle. The pipes occupy only a very small part of the hatchway. They can be set to work immediately a vessel comes alongside. As many as a quarter of a million bushels are handled daily by one of these machines. The pneumatic elevator is often installed on a floating base, so that it may be moved about in a dock. THE PNEUMATIC BLAST GRAIN-LIFTER differs from the system just described in that the grain is through the pipes or hoses by air compressed to several pounds above atmospheric pressure. A small tube attached to the main hose conveys compressed air to the nozzle through which grain enters the tube. The nozzle consists of a short length of metal piping which is buried in the grain. One half of it is encased by a jacket into which the compressed air rushes. As the air escapes at high speed past the inner end of the piping into the main hose, it causes a vacuum in the piping and draws in grain, which is shot up the hose by the pressure behind it. As already remarked, the action of this pneumatic elevator is similar to that of a steam injector. driven THE COMBINED SYSTEM Under some conditions it is found convenient to employ both suction and blast in combination: suction to draw the grain from a vessel's hold into elevators, from which it is transferred to the warehouse by blast. Special boats are built for this work, the , which has on board suction plant for transferring grain from a ship to barges, and also blowing apparatus for elevating it into storehouses or into another ship. The has the hull and engines of an ordinary screw steamer, so that it can ply up and down the Shannon and partly unload a vessel to reduce its draught sufficiently to allow it to reach Limerick Docks. Floating elevators of this kind are able to handle upwards of 150 tons of grain per hour. e.g. Garryowen Garryowen About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2014). The Romance of Modern Mechanism. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/46094/pg46094-images.html. This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE HANDLING OF GRAIN

HYDRAULIC MACHINERY.

I did proceed to Windsor, but not with the intention of remaining there

Things To Make by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . A WATER MOTOR. here XXI. A WATER MOTOR. FIG. 105 is a perspective view of a simple water motor which costs little to make, and can be constructed by anybody able to use carpenter’s tools and a soldering iron. It will serve to drive a very small dynamo, or do other work for which power on a small scale is required. A water supply giving a pressure of 40 lbs. upwards per square inch must be available. We begin operations by fashioning the case, which consists of three main parts, the centre and two sides, held together by brass screws. For the centre, select a piece of oak 1 inch thick. Mark off a square, 7 inches on the side; find the centre of this, and describe a circle 5 inches in diameter. A bulge is given to the circle towards one corner of the square, at which the waste-pipe will be situated. Cut out along the line with a keyhole saw. Then saw out the square of wood. A 5/8-inch hole is now bored edgeways through the wood into the “bulge” for the escape, and in what will be the top edge is drilled a 1/4-inch hole to allow air to enter. [Illustration: FIG. l05.—Simple water turbine.] Cut out the sides, and screw them on to the centre at the four corners, taking care that the grain runs the same way in all three pieces, so that they may all expand or contract in the same direction. Plane off the edges of the sides flush with the centre. The parts should now be separated, after being marked so that they can be reassembled correctly, and laid for a quarter of an hour in a pan of melted paraffin wax, or, failing this, of vaseline, until the wood is thoroughly impregnated. Reassemble the parts, and put in the rest of the holding screws, which should have their heads countersunk flush with the wood. [Illustration: FIG. 106.—Water turbine, with pulley side of casing removed.] For the shaft select a piece of steel rod 5/32 inch in diameter, and 3 or 4 inches long; for the bearings use two pieces, 3/4 inch long each, of close-fitting brass tube. Now take a drill, very slightly smaller in diameter than the bearings, and run holes right through the centres of, and square to, the sides. Both holes should be drilled at one operation, so that they may be in line. With a wooden mallet drive the bearings, which should be tapered slightly at the entering end, through the sides. Push the shaft through them. If it refuses to pass, or, if passed, turns very unwillingly, the bearings must be out of line; in which case the following operation will put things right. Remove the bearing on the pulley side, and enlarge the hole slightly. Then bore a hole in the centre of a metal disc, 1 inch in diameter, to fit the bearing; and drill three holes for screws to hold the disc against the case. Rub disc and bearing bright all over. Replace the bearing in its hole, slip the disc over it, and push the shaft through both bearings. Move the disc about until the shaft turns easily, mark the screw holes, and insert the screws. Finally, solder the bearing to the disc while the shaft is still in place. The wheel is a flat brass disc 4 inches in diameter. Polish this, and scratch on one side twelve equally spaced radii. At the end of each radius a small cup, made by bending a piece of strip brass 1/4 inch wide and 1/2 inch long into an arc of a circle, is soldered with its extremities on the scratch. A little “Tinol” soldering lamp (price 1s. 6d.) comes in very handy here. To fix the wheel of the shaft requires the use of a third small piece of tubing, which should be turned off quite square at both ends. Slip this and the wheel on the shaft, and make a good, firm, soldered joint. Note.— Consult Fig. 107 for a general idea of the position of the wheel, which must be kept just clear of the case by the near bearing. [Illustration: FIG. 107.—Plan of water turbine, showing arrangement of nozzle.] The nozzle should be a straight, tapered tube of some kind—the nose of a large oil can will serve the purpose. The exit must be small enough to allow the water to leave it at high velocity; if too large, the efficiency of the wheel will be diminished. To the rear end of the nozzle should be soldered a piece of brass tubing, which will make a tight fit with the hose pipe leading from the water supply. A few small brass rings soldered round this piece will prevent the hose blowing off if well wired on the outside. Now comes the boring of the hole for the nozzle. Fig. 106 shows the line it should take horizontally, so that the water shall strike the uppermost bucket just below the centre; while Fig. 107 indicates the obliquity needed to make the stream miss the intervening bucket. A tapered broach should be used to enlarge the hole gradually till the nozzle projects sufficiently. If the line is not quite correct, the tip should be bent carefully in the direction required. One must avoid distorting the orifice, which should be perfectly circular; clean it out with a small twist drill of the proper size. A brass elbow, which may be purchased for a few pence, should be driven into the waste hole, and a small shield be nailed under the air hole. A couple of screwed-on cross pieces are required to steady the motor sideways and raise the elbow clear of the ground. The motor may be geared direct to a very small dynamo, if the latter is designed to run at high speeds. If a geared-down drive is needed, a small pulley—such as is used for blinds, and may be bought for a penny—should be attached to the shaft, and a bootlace be employed as belt. Avoid overloading the wheel, for if it is unable to run at a high speed it will prove inefficient. [Illustration: FIG. l08.-Water motor working a photographic dish-rocker.] Lubrication.—The water will keep the bearings cool, but the bearings should be well lubricated. The most convenient method of effecting this is to bore holes in the bearings, and from them run small pipes to an oil reservoir on the top of the case (as in Fig. 70), where they are fed on the siphon principle through strands of worsted. Alternative Construction.—If an all-metal case is preferred, the reader might utilize the description given of a steam turbine on pp. 170-178. The details there given will apply to water as well as steam, the one exception being that a nozzle of the kind described above must be substituted for the steam pipe and small ports. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2005). Things To Make. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14664/pg14664-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

A WATER MOTOR.

Concerning the fire of the Lord; and of the parables of watching; and of the Holy Spirit;

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BUSH-FIGHTING.

“SHOULD AULD ACQUAINTANCE BE FORGOT.”

Healthcare impacts everyone. It only makes sense, then, that the workforce in this industry reflects the diversity of its patients. Unfortunately, diversity in healthcare has a long way to go. Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) practices are important in every sector. In healthcare, though, the effects of this inclusion — or lack thereof — are more impactful than most. The Importance of Diversity in Healthcare According to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), are white. Just 8.1% are Hispanic, and 6.1% are Black. That doesn’t reflect the demographics of the overall workforce, much less the diversity of these professionals’ patients. 48.8% of all resident doctors Improving those figures is about more than providing equal career opportunities for people of different backgrounds, though. The healthcare industry needs diversity because long-standing biases and the lingering effects of historical discrimination have led to uneven care standards. The medical system , slow their treatment, and be less likely to refer them to specialty services. Similar disparities arise with other demographic groups because of similar knowledge gaps and trends stemming from bias and discrimination throughout history. tends to underdiagnose Black patients A more diverse workforce could finally put an end to these trends. Black and female doctors are less likely to exhibit the same implicit biases against Black and female patients as white male doctors. How Technology Can Improve Diversity in Healthcare The path to a more diverse healthcare workforce isn’t an easy one, but technology can help. Here are a few ways medical organizations can use new tech to drive better DEI practices. Removing Bias and Barriers in Recruitment Healthcare diversity starts with more inclusive hiring. Artificial intelligence (AI) in several ways. can increase diversity in recruiting First, can parse applicants’ resumes to highlight ideal candidates without considering factors like name or gender, which could trigger innate human biases. It can even scan job sites to find professionals who haven’t applied but show potential. That way, healthcare organizations can access a wider, more diverse talent pool than they would with manual processes. AI AI can also promote diversity by looking past traditional qualifications. People from historically discriminated groups may lack the same education or experience as others, stopping them from catching human recruiters’ eyes. AI recruiting algorithms can consider a wider range of factors, searching for potential rather than experience to enable more inclusive hiring. Enabling Remote Collaboration Technology can also promote diversity by making it easier to work with people from different areas. Telehealth platforms, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and similar innovations let medical professionals collaborate despite physical distance. As a result, hospitals can gain a global workforce without anyone needing to move. Many organizations lack diversity because their local talent pools aren’t diverse. If people from other cities, states, or even countries can work for these companies, it removes that barrier. This shift to remote and hybrid work similarly expands employment options for underrepresented groups. Not every job in healthcare is possible to do remotely. Still, can do at least some of their work remotely, only slightly below the average for all jobs. As innovations like remote-controlled surgery robots become more common, remote work will become more viable, too. 45% of healthcare professionals Personalizing Training Programs Healthcare organizations must also rethink their onboarding and training to boost diversity. Technology can help by tailoring career development programs to each worker’s unique needs. Diverse hiring means accepting some employees who don’t have the same level of experience, thanks to historical barriers. For example, just are women, creating a cycle where hospitals promote or hire more men for their leadership experience. The answer to this issue is to raise expertise from within, and personalized training enables that. 13% of radiology leaders AI can restructure training programs to better suit employees' education, skillset, and experience. Similar tools can adapt career development resources as employees gain new skills. This personalization enables faster learning, leading women and minorities to achieve needed expertise in less time. Empowering Employee Feedback Fostering diversity is also about making fair and equitable workplaces so employees of different backgrounds feel safe and respected. Technology enables this equity by making it easier for medical professionals to voice their opinions. Cloud platforms provide ideal tools for gathering and analyzing employee feedback. Employees can comfortably fill out forms while staying anonymous, removing the fear of consequences for being honest. On the management side, these tools can aggregate and visualize this data so leaders understand it better. When more workers express their views and management can see them more clearly, it’s easier to know how the organization must change. More than who’ve left a position recently cite feeling disrespected as a reason why. Fostering more communication through technology fights those feelings and shows employees their leaders care about them. half of all employees Tracking Diversity and Inclusion Goals After implementing employee-recommended changes, hospitals can track their impact with data analytics. Ongoing monitoring , as it reveals how impactful these changes are. is essential for effective DEI initiatives Cloud solutions can combine data from across workflows and employee feedback to provide a single point of view for the entire organization’s DEI. AI can go further and comb through this information to pull actionable insights. It’ll be easier for healthcare leaders to see which changes were effective and what tweaks are necessary. Over time, predictive analytics could judge the efficacy of potential changes to inform better decision-making. Healthcare organizations could improve their DEI with less trial and error as a result. As they become fairer workplaces, they’ll also attract more diverse talent. New Tech Could Be the Gateway to Greater Healthcare DEI It will take time for the healthcare industry to foster the diversity it needs. As long and challenging as that road may be, it’d be a lot harder without modern technology. AI, cloud computing, IoT and similar innovations pave the way for more effective DEI programs. These changes are beneficial anywhere, but in healthcare, they save lives. As healthcare organizations embrace this technology, they’ll become more diverse and inclusive in less time with less struggle. Quality of care for all people groups will rise as a result.

The is an opinion piece based on the author’s POV and does not necessarily reflect the views of HackerNoon.

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Why Diversity Matters in Healthcare — And How Technology Can Help

Phineas Redux by Anthony Trollope, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE DUCHESS TAKES COUNSEL. here THE DUCHESS TAKES COUNSEL. Phineas Finn, when he had been thrice remanded before the Bow Street magistrate, and four times examined, was at last committed to be tried for the murder of Mr. Bonteen. This took place on Wednesday, May 19th, a fortnight after the murder. But during those fourteen days little was learned, or even surmised, by the police, in addition to the circumstances which had transpired at once. Indeed the delay, slight as it was, had arisen from a desire to find evidence that might affect Mr. Emilius, rather than with a view to strengthen that which did affect Phineas Finn. But no circumstance could be found tending in any way to add to the suspicion to which the converted Jew was made subject by his own character, and by the supposition that he would have been glad to get rid of Mr. Bonteen. He did not even attempt to run away,—for which attempt certain pseudo-facilities were put in his way by police ingenuity. But Mr. Emilius stood his ground and courted inquiry. Mr. Bonteen had been to him, he said, a very bitter, unjust, and cruel enemy. Mr. Bonteen had endeavoured to rob him of his dearest wife;—had charged him with bigamy;—had got up false evidence in the hope of ruining him. He had undoubtedly hated Mr. Bonteen, and might probably have said so. But, as it happened, through God's mercy, he was enabled to prove that he could not possibly have been at the scene of the murder when the murder was committed. During that hour of the night he had been in his own bed; and, had he been out, could not have re-entered the house without calling up the inmates. But, independently of his alibi, Mealyus was able to rely on the absolute absence of any evidence against him. No grey coat could be traced to his hands, even for an hour. His height was very much less than that attributed by Lord Fawn to the man whom he had seen hurrying to the spot. No weapon was found in his possession by which the deed could have been done. Inquiry was made as to the purchase of life-preservers, and the reverend gentleman was taken to half-a-dozen shops at which such instruments had lately been sold. But there had been a run upon life-preservers, in consequence of recommendations as to their use given by certain newspapers;—and it was found as impossible to trace one particular purchase as it would be that of a loaf of bread. At none of the half-dozen shops to which he was taken was Mr. Emilius remembered; and then all further inquiry in that direction was abandoned, and Mr. Emilius was set at liberty. "I forgive my persecutors from the bottom of my heart," he said,—"but God will requite it to them." In the meantime Phineas was taken to Newgate, and was there confined, almost with the glory and attendance of a State prisoner. This was no common murder, and no common murderer. Nor were they who interested themselves in the matter the ordinary rag, tag, and bobtail of the people,—the mere wives and children, or perhaps fathers and mothers, or brothers and sisters of the slayer or the slain. Dukes and Earls, Duchesses and Countesses, Members of the Cabinet, great statesmen, Judges, Bishops, and Queen's Counsellors, beautiful women, and women of highest fashion, seemed for a while to think of but little else than the fate of Mr. Bonteen and the fate of Phineas Finn. People became intimately acquainted with each other through similar sympathies in this matter, who had never before spoken to or seen each other. On the day after the full committal of the man, Mr. Low received a most courteous letter from the Duchess of Omnium, begging him to call in Carlton Terrace if his engagements would permit him to do so. The Duchess had heard that Mr. Low was devoting all his energies to the protection of Phineas Finn; and, as a certain friend of hers,—a lady,—was doing the same, she was anxious to bring them together. Indeed, she herself was equally prepared to devote her energies for the present to the same object. She had declared to all her friends,—especially to her husband and to the Duke of St. Bungay,—her absolute conviction of the innocence of the accused man, and had called upon them to defend him. "My dear," said the elder Duke, "I do not think that in my time any innocent man has ever lost his life upon the scaffold." "Is that a reason why our friend should be the first instance?" said the Duchess. "He must be tried according to the laws of his country," said the younger Duke. "Plantagenet, you always speak as if everything were perfect, whereas you know very well that everything is imperfect. If that man is—is hung, I—" "Glencora," said her husband, "do not connect yourself with the fate of a stranger from any misdirected enthusiasm." "I do connect myself. If that man be hung—I shall go into mourning for him. You had better look to it." Mr. Low obeyed the summons, and called on the Duchess. But, in truth, the invitation had been planned by Madame Goesler, who was present when the lawyer, about five o'clock in the afternoon, was shown into the presence of the Duchess. Tea was immediately ordered, and Mr. Low was almost embraced. He was introduced to Madame Goesler, of whom he did not before remember that he had heard the name, and was at once given to understand that the fate of Phineas was now in question. "We know so well," said the Duchess, "how true you are to him." "He is an old friend of mine," said the lawyer, "and I cannot believe him to have been guilty of a murder." "Guilty!—he is no more guilty than I am. We are as sure of that as we are of the sun. We know that he is innocent;—do we not, Madame Goesler? And we, too, are very dear friends of his;—that is, I am." "And so am I," said Madame Goesler, in a voice very low and sweet, but yet so energetic as to make Mr. Low almost rivet his attention upon her. "You must understand, Mr. Low, that Mr. Finn is a man horribly hated by certain enemies. That wretched Mr. Bonteen hated his very name. But there are other people who think very differently of him. He must be saved." "Indeed I hope he may," said Mr. Low. "We wanted to see you for ever so many reasons. Of course you understand that—that any sum of money can be spent that the case may want." "Nothing will be spared on that account certainly," said the lawyer. "But money will do a great many things. We would send all round the world if we could get evidence against that other man,—Lady Eustace's husband, you know." "Can any good be done by sending all round the world?" "He went back to his own home not long ago,—in Poland, I think," said Madame Goesler. "Perhaps he got the instrument there, and brought it with him." Mr. Low shook his head. "Of course we are very ignorant;—but it would be a pity that everything should not be tried." "He might have got in and out of the window, you know," said the Duchess. Still Mr. Low shook his head. "I believe things can always be found out, if only you take trouble enough. And trouble means money;—does it not? We wouldn't mind how many thousand pounds it cost; would we, Marie?" "I fear that the spending of thousands can do no good," said Mr. Low. "But something must be done. You don't mean to say that Mr. Finn is to be hung because Lord Fawn says that he saw a man running along the street in a grey coat." "Certainly not." "There is nothing else against him;—nobody else saw him." "If there be nothing else against him he will be acquitted." "You think then," said Madame Goesler, "that there will be no use in tracing what the man Mealyus did when he was out of England. He might have bought a grey coat then, and have hidden it till this night, and then have thrown it away." Mr. Low listened to her with close attention, but again shook his head. "If it could be shown that the man had a grey coat at that time it would certainly weaken the effect of Mr. Finn's grey coat." "And if he bought a bludgeon there, it would weaken the effect of Mr. Finn's bludgeon. And if he bought rope to make a ladder it would show that he had got out. It was a dark night, you know, and nobody would have seen it. We have been talking it all over, Mr. Low, and we really think you ought to send somebody." "I will mention what you say to the gentlemen who are employed on Mr. Finn's defence." "But will not you be employed?" Then Mr. Low explained that the gentlemen to whom he referred were the attorneys who would get up the case on their friend's behalf, and that as he himself practised in the Courts of Equity only, he could not defend Mr. Finn on his trial. "He must have the very best men," said the Duchess. "He must have good men, certainly." "And a great many. Couldn't we get Sir Gregory Grogram?" Mr. Low shook his head. "I know very well that if you get men who are really,—really swells, for that is what it is, Mr. Low,—and pay them well enough, and so make it really an important thing, they can browbeat any judge and hoodwink any jury. I daresay it is very dreadful to say so, Mr. Low; but, nevertheless, I believe it, and as this man is certainly innocent it ought to be done. I daresay it's very shocking, but I do think that twenty thousand pounds spent among the lawyers would get him off." "I hope we can get him off without expending twenty thousand pounds, Duchess." "But you can have the money and welcome;—cannot he, Madame Goesler?" "He could have double that, if double were necessary." "I would fill the court with lawyers for him," continued the Duchess. "I would cross-examine the witnesses off their legs. I would rake up every wicked thing that horrid Jew has done since he was born. I would make witnesses speak. I would give a carriage and pair of horses to every one of the jurors' wives, if that would do any good. You may shake your head, Mr. Low; but I would. And I'd carry Lord Fawn off to the Antipodes, too;—and I shouldn't care if you left him there. I know that this man is innocent, and I'd do anything to save him. A woman, I know, can't do much;—but she has this privilege, that she can speak out what men only think. I'd give them two carriages and two pairs of horses a-piece if I could do it that way." Mr. Low did his best to explain to the Duchess that the desired object could hardly be effected after the fashion she proposed, and he endeavoured to persuade her that justice was sure to be done in an English court of law. "Then why are people so very anxious to get this lawyer or that to bamboozle the witnesses?" said the Duchess. Mr. Low declared it to be his opinion that the poorest man in England was not more likely to be hung for a murder he had not committed than the richest. "Then why would you, if you were accused, have ever so many lawyers to defend you?" Mr. Low went on to explain. "The more money you spend," said the Duchess, "the more fuss you make. And the longer a trial is about and the greater the interest, the more chance a man has to escape. If a man is tried for three days you always think he'll get off, but if it lasts ten minutes he is sure to be convicted and hung. I'd have Mr. Finn's trial made so long that they never could convict him. I'd tire out all the judges and juries in London. If you get lawyers enough they may speak for ever." Mr. Low endeavoured to explain that this might prejudice the prisoner. "And I'd examine every member of the House of Commons, and all the Cabinet, and all their wives. I'd ask them all what Mr. Bonteen had been saying. I'd do it in such a way as a trial was never done before;—and I'd take care that they should know what was coming." "And if he were convicted afterwards?" "I'd buy up the Home Secretary. It's very horrid to say so, of course, Mr. Low; and I dare say there is nothing wrong ever done in Chancery. But I know what Cabinet Ministers are. If they could get a majority by granting a pardon they'd do it quick enough." "You are speaking of a liberal Government, of course, Duchess." "There isn't twopence to choose between them in that respect. Just at this moment I believe Mr. Finn is the most popular member of the House of Commons; and I'd bring all that to bear. You can't but know that if everything of that kind is done it will have an effect. I believe you could make him so popular that the people would pull down the prison rather than have him hung;—so that a jury would not dare to say he was guilty." "Would that be justice, ladies?" asked the just man. "It would be success, Mr. Low,—which is a great deal the better thing of the two." "If Mr. Finn were found guilty, I could not in my heart believe that that would be justice," said Madame Goesler. Mr. Low did his best to make them understand that the plan of pulling down Newgate by the instrumentality of Phineas Finn's popularity, or of buying up the Home Secretary by threats of Parliamentary defection, would hardly answer their purpose. He would, he assured them, suggest to the attorneys employed the idea of searching for evidence against the man Mealyus in his own country, and would certainly take care that nothing was omitted from want of means. "You had better let us put a cheque in your hands," said the Duchess. But to this he would not assent. He did admit that it would be well to leave no stone unturned, and that the turning of such stones must cost money;—but the money, he said, would be forthcoming. "He's not a rich man himself," said the Duchess. Mr. Low assured her that if money were really wanting he would ask for it. "And now," said the Duchess, "there is one other thing that we want. Can we see him?" "You, yourself?" "Yes;—I myself, and Madame Goesler. You look as if it would be very wicked." Mr. Low thought that it would be wicked;—that the Duke would not like it; and that such a visit would occasion ill-natured remarks. "People do visit him, I suppose. He's not locked up like a criminal." "I visit him," said Mr. Low, "and one or two other friends have done so. Lord Chiltern has been with him, and Mr. Erle." "Has no lady seen him?" asked the Duchess. "Not to my knowledge." "Then it's time some lady should do so. I suppose we could be admitted. If we were his sisters they'd let us in." "You must excuse me, Duchess, but—" "Of course I will excuse you. But what?" "You are not his sisters." "If I were engaged to him, to be his wife?—" said Madame Goesler, standing up. "I am not so. There is nothing of that kind. You must not misunderstand me. But if I were?" "On that plea I presume you could be admitted." "Why not as a friend? Lord Chiltern is admitted as his friend." "Because of the prudery of a prison," said the Duchess. "All things are wrong to the lookers after wickedness, my dear. If it would comfort him to see us, why should he not have that comfort?" "Would you have gone to him in his own lodgings?" asked Mr. Low. "I would,—if he'd been ill," said Madame Goesler. "Madam," said Mr. Low, speaking with a gravity which for a moment had its effect even upon the Duchess of Omnium, "I think, at any rate, that if you visit Mr. Finn in prison, you should do so through the instrumentality of his Grace, your husband." "Of course you suspect me of all manner of evil." "I suspect nothing;—but I am sure that it should be so." "It shall be so," said the Duchess. "Thank you, sir. We are much obliged to you for your wise counsel." "I am obliged to you," said Madame Goesler, "because I know that you have his safety at heart." "And so am I," said the Duchess, relenting, and giving him her hand. "We are really ever so much obliged to you. You don't quite understand about the Duke; and how should you? I never do anything without telling him, but he hasn't time to attend to things." "I hope I have not offended you." "Oh dear, no. You can't offend me unless you mean it. Good-bye,—and remember to have a great many lawyers, and all with new wigs; and let them all get in a great rage that anybody should suppose it possible that Mr. Finn is a murderer. I'm sure I am. Good-bye, Mr. Low." "You'll never be able to get to him," said the Duchess, as soon as they were alone. "I suppose not." "And what good could you do? Of course I'd go with you if we could get in;—but what would be the use?" "To let him know that people do not think him guilty." "Mr. Low will tell him that. I suppose, too, we can write to him. Would you mind writing?" "I would rather go." "You might as well tell the truth when you are about it. You are breaking your heart for him." "If he were to be condemned, and—executed, I should break my heart. I could never appear bright before the world again." "That is just what I told Plantagenet. I said I would go into mourning." "And I should really mourn. And yet were he free to-morrow he would be no more to me than any other friend." "Do you mean you would not marry him?" "No;—I would not. Nor would he ask me. I will tell you what will be his lot in life,—if he escapes from the present danger." "Of course he will escape. They don't really hang innocent men." "Then he will become the husband of Lady Laura Kennedy." "Poor fellow! If I believed that, I should think it cruel to help him escape from Newgate." About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2006). Phineas Redux. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18640/pg18640-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE DUCHESS TAKES COUNSEL.

154 Stories To Learn About Work

Let's learn about via these 43 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Anonymity /Learn Repo 1. Could the Blockchain Provide True  Anonymity? Is blockchain truly that anonymous as many of its early enthusiasts believed? Well, it doesn't take a security specialist to know that it's not. So the real question here is: what can be done to provide more anonymity and thus better protect the privacy of the blockchain users? I asked BlockHunters CEO Kamil Górski. His company specializes in blockchain security. 2. Myths and Misconceptions About Private Browsing Many people who use private browsing incorrectly believe they're protected. Private Browsing doesn't make you anonymous. 3. You Are Not Worth Tracking, Sorry I do not track you. I don't have to, and I don't care to. 4. Does Accountability Matter in Web3 - The Dark Side of Anonymity What are the problems with anonymity? And should it still be upheld as a critical function of blockchain utility? 5. How to Use a Seedbox to Download Torrents Anonymously and Fast Seedboxes are a way of helping users torrent many files at once simultaneously. They are an effective way of accessing more content more quickly anonymously. 6. To Dox or Not Dox: Is Anonymity in Crypto a Farce? Crypto enthusiasts attribute different meanings to decentralization and anonymity. This article examines these two pillars and the various arguments around them 7. StackOS: Decentralized Cloud Infrastructure The CEO of Koinos Group interviews the Chief Architect of StackOS; decentralized cloud infrastructure 8. Did the FBI Hack the Bitcoin? What are the two things that gangsters and business owners have in common? Fear of being caught by the IRS or police for doing something “wrong”. “Big money loves silence,” as they say, and if you attract too much attention from authorities then eventually it could affect your job. Just look at what happened to Al Capone and The Wolf of Wall Street. 9. Why Using a VPN is the Best Way to Protect Your Personal Data When Surfing the Web The internet is an amazing place. It’s grown from a military network into a vast virtual universe populated by trillions of web pages. There are currently around 1.5 billion websites, but that figure is increasing daily. As the world’s population increases, so does this vast resource we call the internet. 10. The Biggest Data Privacy Risks For Every User Most spheres of our lives are entirely digitized: starting from cashless
transfers while doing some shopping and ending with GPS navigation
instead of paper maps. 11. Distributed Governance and Anonymity: A Bad Idea One of the big debates in the Genesis DAO started by DAOstack was the question of anonymity. Should people be able to make proposals and ask for budgets without providing a real identity? 12. Does Anonymization of Data Guarantees Privacy? Anonymization of data isn’t enough to guarantee privacy 13. Unsuspecting Industries Are Becoming Crypto-Friendly Why are particular industries more willing to accept crypto payments? This article explains why the VPN, CBD, gambling, and adult industry accept crypto. 14. Blockchain Privacy Overview: Monero Vs. Zcash Vs. FreeTON Available privacy technologies. Anonymity in Monero and Zcash cryptocurrencies. Will there be privacy in Free TON? 15. Anonymity Could be the Key to Fixing Social Media The Social Dilemma has been a trending film and a large topic of discussion these past few months, and for good reason. Social media in its current form is deeply flawed. 16. Anonymity 3.0: Do We Have a Chance with Web3? In the digital era, the volume of data generated online keeps on growing. Users leave their information on nearly every site. Will Web3 change this? 17. Why Privacy Matters And How To Stop Online Harassment All the actions people perform on the Internet is a mass give-away. The content you post on Instagram, your e-shopping patterns, and search history is a precious data set – it transforms into a commodity. The frankest questions we ask is not to our friends, but Google! 18. "Privacy Is The Fundamental Pillar of DeFi" - Justin Kellison The article discusses the importance of privacy for DeFi protocols and how cross-chain privacy is critical for protecting the financial privacy of users. 19. WTF is a Bitcoin Mixing Service and Why Do You Need One? Cryptocurrency has two opposing features to provide its worth and inability to falsify. Anonymity of Bitcoin has pulled masses of people to cryptocurrency blockchain. They have felt more freely with their finance. 20. In Defense of Users' Right to Anonymity In Techlore Talks #4, Henry and I discussed freedom of speech, anonymity on the internet, and the content moderation policies of online platforms. 21. Why You Have No Choice But Care About Privacy? What is Privacy in the first place? 22. A Proposal for Bisq + Social Trading: My Thoughts and Ideas So quite a while ago, we have made a proposal Bisq. It got rejected, and to be honest, we don't blame them. We had an overarching goal to make a social trading integration within the Bisq platform and allow for this great use of blockchain tech and a decentralized financial ecosystem. It was all fairytales, and bliss, except for one thing. How will this possibly work? 23. Keeping Your Privacy Secure in a Digital Jungle Privacy, cybersecurity and safety in the world of Social Media and constant surveillance. How can you protect yourself from the digital dangers? 24. #NoBrainer: Use Only Cryptocurrency to Buy Controversial Goods Are you buying controversial products with your bank account? If so,you may want to consider using cryptocurrency instead. Cryptocurrency gives you privacy and anonymity as long as you buy it in a waythat can’t be traced back to you. 25. How to buy Crypton (CRP) Utopia P2P project cryptocurrency? Table of Content 26. The Best Secure Email Provider To Choose Don’t you manage your affairs, both business and personal, via emails and
messengers? Sure, you do. It’s convenient and saves tons of time. Colleagues need email to send reports, entrepreneurs to exchange ideas, journalists to send confidential articles for publication, and so on. But there is one issue we all face - a data breach. People aware of this problem and have already found a solution - encrypted email. 27. Staking on ‘Finney’ Testnet to Counter Sybil Attacks is now LIVE!! The Finney testnet was launched to avoid future Sybil attacks. 28. Anonymous Web Browser: A Guide on Anti-Detect Technology Learn how anonymous web browser works with the help of antidetect technology. 29. How Is Anonymous View Different From Private Mode One of the most misunderstood features on most modern browsers is Private Mode, sometimes called incognito mode. When I am offering advice on measures people can take in their privacy such as using a private search engine or a VPN, I am told, “I don’t need those, I use incognito mode.” 30. Decentralized web / dWeb - what is it? envisioning a web that revolves around the user, not the server and not the Blockchain 31. 5 Best Anonymous Browsers: How To Stay Protected Online In 2019 our devices know us better than close friends and relatives. Browsers, messengers, social media trackers analyse the actions you do online and your interactions with content to expand their manipulation. The history of browsing is used to target ads and create more triggering banners for you exclusively. These technological advancements might look smart and comfortable, but the invasion of privacy has gone too far. 32. 10 Secure Online Applications in 2021: No More Spy Spps and Hacker Attacks A selection of programs for online privacy. All of them will help you not to fall prey to hackers and keep your data safe. 33. Five Practical Tips of Protect your Anonymity in the Cryptocurrency Space Bitcoin is now worth over $8,500. As such, it is only natural that this community-driven alternative to banks has drawn interest from traders, investors, and even regulators. Governments are concerned about Bitcoin, sprouting blockchain networks, and how it could impact their operations. Here, it is important to note that the control of money supply is vital for a centralized economy to thrive. 34. The "Anonymous LLC" and The Perpetual Pursuit for Privacy Protection No matter the size of the enterprise or number of employees, there are a number of reasons one might prefer to keep their business ownership private. 35. Top-6 Best Anonymous Browsers Or Why Privacy Matters “Aren’t all browsers anonymous?” 36. How You Can Protect Your Online Privacy: Easy Steps for Daily Activities (Image by Reimund Bertrams from Pixabay) 37. My Take on Decentralized Government on the Aleo Blockchain In this article, I will give my views on the prospects for the Aleo blockchain and its possible successors. 38. What Is The Best Private Encrypted Messenger! [10 Messengers Evaluated] Updated 01/13/2020 39. Top 10 Best Private Encrypted Messengers Designed For Security Nuts Being concerned with the security of online communication and information exchange is absolutely OK. It is a reflection of the fact that you
are aware of global surveillance happening every second of our presence online. Our online activities are monitored, intercepted, collected, and stored. And now imagine that what you know is only the small fraction of what is really happening with our information. 40. Distributed Governance and Anonymity: A Bad Idea One of the big debates in the Genesis DAO started by DAOstack was the question of anonymity. Should people be able to make proposals and ask for budgets without providing a real identity? 41. Does The Best Secure Email Really Exist? In case you are not in raptures when corporations persistently feed you with targeted advertising and 'bad guys' gain access to your private data, probably you need to replace your email service to more secure analogue with reliable encryption. 42. The Ultimate Guide to Privacy and Security Tools A while ago, Nora asked me if I had a list of privacy tools I use regularly. I didn't, so I wrote one with the help of lp1, and you're about to read it. These are the tools we’ve been using for a while and we recommend. 43. The Meaning of Anonymity in The Surveillance Era Is there such a thing as true anonymity anymore? Thank you for checking out the 43 most read stories about Anonymity on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

43 Stories To Learn About Anonymity

Let's learn about via these 57 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Workplace /Learn Repo 1. How AI is Making Workplaces Safer Employee health and safety is certainly an industry ready for AI development, but what is needed to adapt AI technology to this industry? 2. Developers Created a Culture of Shame and a Toxic Workplace Open up Twitter or any dev forum really, have a little scroll, and it will not take you long at all to find developers being unpleasant to each other. 3. Web3 isn't just the Internet: It's a Prelude to Greater Freedom Online web3 isn't just about "the web". It contains more than "web2" with extra features. It changes how we work in the future. 4. Why Does Amazon Have Low Pay and Poor Conditions When Jeff Bezos is a Multibillionaire There are always two sides to every story. In this case, there’s the third side too, my side of the Amazon story. 5. Ergonomic Chairs: Hello Productivity, Bye-Bye Back Aches Ergonomic chairs improve productivity in workspaces, whether it's home workspace or office workspace. Invest in an ergonomic chair now. 6. The Evolution of Headphones It is safe to consider headphones a household item: mass produced, and almost every American has a pair. Headphones are so common nowadays, in fact, they are even included in the most new purchases of mobile devices. On average, Americans spend more than 32-hours weekly listening to music. This is roughly equivalent to a full-time job. Saying this, dissecting the history and future of headphones is relevant to almost everyone in the digital era. 7. Workplace PSA: Treat Everyone With Kindness Be careful who you step on at work because they could become the person in charge of your next promotion, and your pettiness might come back. 8. Improve Team Dynamics is Key to Better Workplace Efficiency Understanding group dynamics and how team-building, when done correctly, can dramatically improve workplace efficiency. 9. My Workstation Must Haves My workspace is just a small table, but it buries my dreams in it. 10. Why We Spend So Much Time at Work on Things that Don't Matter We focus on trivia at the expense of more important issues. Why does this happen and what we can do about it? 11. Valuable Employee Training Programs To Get Back on Track in 2021 In 2021, there’s both a need and an opportunity for employee training. Here is a reflection on what actually motivates employees to complete the training. 12. 5 Things to Consider Before Joining a Startup Thinking of changing your career by stepping into the startup scene? Here are a few things to consider before joining a risky early-stage venture. 13. 10 Ways Tech Is Increasing Workplace Productivity Productivity in business is the continual effort of applying new methods and techniques. In simple words, productivity is getting quality work done quickly. 14. Humor at the Heart Sharing some fun times at a cool place to work for body, soul and sanity. 15. How Is Data Automation Transforming The Workplace? Every minute, a staggering 1,820 terabytes of data is created around the world. That’s more than 2.5 quintillion bytes every day! 16. Team-Building for Success: How to Build Effective and Empowered Teams The team is the most important aspect of any business, and determines its success. Let's look into how productivity and employee happiness can be encouraged. 17. Hacking Business Training With Microlearning A look at how microlearning is changing the game to ramp up workplace training. 18. How to Give and Receive Feedback Giving and receiving feedback is crucial to grow as a person, but it's not easy for everybody to take it. Here's an insight on the truth about feedback. 19. Don’t Drop Your Work Meetings – Rather, Build a System for Them Don't think that working meetings are a waste of time. Organize the system of working with them effectively following these simple rules. 20. Should I stay in a Toxic Workplace? A question that many people face in today’s toxic workplaces is — “Should I stay? Even though I know that my workplace is toxic.” 21. 7 Ways to Improve Internal Communication to Foster Better Corporate Culture Here are some of the best practices for developing an internal communication strategy that makes sense for your organization. 22. What it Really Means to Hire Slow, Fire Fast A look at what it truly means to practically incorporate hire slow, fire fast within your organization. 23. 5 Tips to Foster Workplace Creativity To foster creative thinking in the workplace, there are many ways you can do so. These techniques create an environment that promotes and boosts creativity! 24. How to Overcome Employee Resistance to Change Company Culture (An Infographic) Focusing on cultural transformation can bring big rewards, including an 85% net profit increase in just five years. But employees sometimes resist this change. 25. Coming Workforce Changes in An AI, Automated Future It’s no secret that artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are innovating ways business is done. This is seen in every industry across the board. AI and automation make several contributions to productivity, reshaping how businesses see the core of their business in relationship to growth. 26. Swatting First Week Jitters Like A Boss Tips On How To Succeed During the First Week Of a New Job--Take notes, build relationships, don’t get down on yourself 27. Employee Wellness 101 Businesses have been overlooking employee wellness for a long time. As organizations started re-opening, they must have actionable employee well-being. 28. How to Protect Myself Against Sexism in the Workplace In the era of #metoo and Harvey Weinstein, people are becoming more and more aware of harassment and discrimination in the workplace. Society should thank the brave women who stood up and created a better culture for us, but sexism still happens. It can range from unwanted physical advances to unfair pay to getting passed up for a promotion. The work isn’t done yet. We need to continue to fight to make things equal and safe for women in the workplace. To contribute fighting sexism in society, we need to start at our own workplaces. Here are some tips on how to protect yourself from sexism in the workplace. 29. Importance of Safety In Workplace Every single day, people head to work with the desires that they will have the option to finish their day by day undertakings liberated from accidents or some other wellbeing dangers. Positively, we as a whole have the right to work in protected and clean conditions. And keeping in mind that most organizations take measures to guarantee the wellbeing of their representatives, accidents will undoubtedly occur. In any case, there are approaches to guarantee that such accidents are limited and unfit to show genuine sick impacts. 30. The Most Effective Method to Avoid Workplace Injuries Over the span of a normal workday, a significant number of us perform activities in an assortment of fields that might put our wellbeing and welfare in danger. While our occupations may appear to be innocuous, the truth of the matter is that workplace injuries can and do happen anyplace. Hands on injuries bring about torment and enduring, just as overwhelming money related misfortunes for many individuals. Realizing the first means to take after a workplace injury is something each worker ought to
know about. Shockingly, most specialists are ignorant not just of the dangers natural in their activity, yet additionally of their privileges to remuneration for any business related injuries they endure. 31. 5 Ways to Drive Better Engagement Within Your Talent Marketplace Here are five ways to build engagement for your talent marketplace. 32. How to Foster Belonging at Your Nonprofit There are many ways to approach fostering a culture of belonging in the workplace, and affinity groups are a great place to start. 33. How Managers Can Build Trust With Employees At Work Establishing trust with teams is only possible when managers can match actions with words. Find out how to do so successfully. 34. The Best Software HR Can Use in the Workplace to Reduce Workload This article will discuss five of the best tools HR professionals can use to make their lives easier. Workday, Bamboo HR, Zenefits, and Infor are just a few of the software solutions available. These tools help HR professionals and business users optimize workflow processes and provide a consistent experience across platforms. Let's take a look at each one in turn. Which of these tools will you need to use? 35. How To Be a Responsible Employer and a Leader in Times of Workplace Crisis Based on the type of work you are doing and the capacity in which your workers operate, any or more of the following occupational injuries can occur to your employees. 36. How to Administer Employees Rights At Workplaces You can be entitled to other legal protections in the workforce, including: based on the role of the employer, the country in which you operate and the occupation. 37. WHAT ZUCK SAID Zuckerberg is in the news lately for his announcement about his plans to take his workforce remote. 38. Can Data Automation Transform The Workplace? Every minute, a staggering 1,820 terabytes of data is created around the world. That’s more than 2.5 quintillion bytes every day! This data takes many forms, from Tweets and Instagram posts to the generation of new
bitcoin. 39. Why the Hybrid Workplace May be the Future of Work [Infographic] A look at how and why the hybrid blend of remote work and in person office experience may be the future of work. 40. Learn How To Reset Team Productivity With These 5 Steps Productivity is a volatile thing in the office. It comes and goes. Just like there are ups and downs in life, some days are more rewarding than others at the workplace too. There will be times when your team would get in a slump and you will have to jumpstart them back to life. 41. 5 things every employee wants in a workplace wellness program It’s a well-known fact that businesses today are worried about their employees' wellbeing. Solid, upbeat employees commonly create more significant levels of profitability than unfortunate workers, and therefore, more business achievement. That is the reason it's nothing unexpected that business wellbeing programs have gotten staggeringly
famous during the most recent couple of years. Numerous employees are receiving the rewards too. 42. Methods of Preventing Repetitive Severe Injuries in the Workplace Environment In a period when deaths and serious injuries arise almost regularly in the workplace, employees will contend with at least three very distinct audiences. A fatality or traumatic injury at the workplace triggers the desire to connect with mourning people, including family members of the victim, eye witnesses of the tragedy, or co-workers who experience a sense of loss. 43. 6 Creative Employee Reward Ideas That Your People Will Love Wondering how you can show employee appreciation? Here, you’ll discover six amazing gift ideas for your employee recognition program. [44. 9 Essential Things to Consider Before Buying a New Office (for Your Small IT Company)](https://hackernoon.com/9-essential-things-to-consider-before-buying-a-new-office-for-your-small-it-company-161d31wj) Would you like to have more control over your office space or build up equity instead of paying rent? Buying a commercial property comes with many advantages. 45. Hacking Emotional Intelligence: The Key to Career Success A look at how emotional intelligence as a conscious practice can be the missing key to your success. 46. Why You Should Be Using Ergonomic Tech in Your Office Modern technology allows businesses to improve their workplace safety with a concept known as ergonomic technology. 47. 3 Key Challenges to Effective Team Collaboration and How to Face Them A collaborative work environment leads to a more engaged and high-performing workforce. According to a study, collaborative teams are five times higher performing than their non-collaborative counterparts as they feel more motivated to reach common team goals. 48. How Rampant is COVID in Amazon Warehouses? COVID cases in Amazon warehouses continue to pile on, and workers say that the company is cutting down its COVID protocols. 49. A Temp Worker Died Working For FedEx - The Company Only Got Fined $7,000 Between 2016 and 2019, more than 70 injuries were reported at the site where Stanberry was hurt and Young was fatally injured... 50. Hacking Emotional Intelligence: The Key to Career Success A look at how emotional intelligence as a conscious practice can be the missing key to your success. 51. Comparing the Workplace Characteristics of IT Companies When Searching for an IT Job Let’s try to systematize the difference between the companies that you can find on the job market. 52. How to Decide Whether to Leave or Stay at Your Current Workplace During the Great Resignation Use this checklist to see if your workspace is a good place to be, or if it's time to move on. 53. How Amazon Treats Warehouse Workers Who Contracted COVID Brooks’s COVID-19 hospitalization would change her life dramatically. 54. The Future of Work: On-site Work vs Remote Work vs Hybrid Work Learn the pros and cons of remote work, on site work, and hybrid work. how to find your best work environment. 55. How to Deal With Accusations in the Workplace Employee deceit comes as a serious stun, especially when you put
time and cost in offering comfort and direction during the employer and employee business relationship. The double-crossing can be destroying both by and by and inside the setting of organization resources. At the point when charges of employee deceptive nature surface, make quick move to decide the veracity of the cases and the degree of misfortunes the organization may endure. In any case, don't come to untimely end results until a full work environment investigation is finished. 56. On Career and Passion: Letters to my Daughter There is an eternal conflict between our internal passions and the external needs of the workforce. Accept this struggle and strive to find meaning. 57. Ash Coleman, Head of DEI at Credit Karma, talks about Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at Work Federico Toledo, wraps up season three of Quality Sense with an illuminating interview with a leader in the DEI space. Thank you for checking out the 57 most read stories about Workplace on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

57 Stories To Learn About Workplace

Newsletter businesses are hot, and justifiably so. Any many people on X have been questioning whether we are in a newsletter bubble: https://twitter.com/gregisenberg/status/1698809291115815237?embedable=true I think it’s about to go 10x due to AI. In this story, I explain how to leverage AI tools to make far easier, and why this trend will displace agencies. operating newsletters But first, let me explain why I think newsletters will become the gateway online business model drug, taking over from the SEO blogs and content sites we currently see on all the big marketplaces such as and . Flippa Empire Flippers The Rise of Newsletter Businesses The cost of starting a newsletter is $0, with platforms like that make it simple to launch, monetize and scale. beehiiv And by building and nurturing a newsletter audience that engages with your content, and trusts your picks and expertise, you're able to unlock sponsorship revenue at far higher CPMs (cost per 1000 opens to advertisers) than you can make with websites. Website advertising platforms such as Ezoic can generate a strong $10-$20 , but newsletters typically command a $50 CPM in the business niche, with investing being higher, and AI a bit lower. earnings per thousand views https://hackernoon.com/the-35-best-ai-newsletters-on-beehiiv?embedable=true So with a 50K email list, and a 50% open rate, an email send with just one ad unit (you should have multiple) will earn you $2,500. And you can also monetize in so many other ways: Subscription fees Paid recommendations Sponsored editions Own products Community access Lead generation Affiliate marketing As you own your list, the newsletter business model is much more defensible than building niche sites that are dependent on SEO traffic, something I used to do and wrote about back in 2018 (when Hackernoon was on Medium) with . Want To Hack Wealth? Flip Websites Not Cryptos for currently $2-5 per subscriber plus a multiple of revenue on the newsletter marketplace . And you can sell these media assets Duuce https://hackernoon.com/i-built-and-sold-a-newsletter-for-5-figures-heres-how?embedable=true The key part missing right now, which takes up the majority of the time operating newsletter businesses, is the sourcing and writing of news stories. Fortunately there are now AI solutions to help with this burden, and we’ll start with the usual suspects, before moving to new dedicated newsletter software. AI Optimization Just like AI has been revolutionizing content sites, it’s now hitting newsletter businesses. And I’ve been using it to help with my own newsletters such as , and within Letter Operators. We’ve sifted through 100s of applications for writers, given test stories to the best ones, and . And obviously with no grammatical errors. Digital Asset Investor my newsletter agency quickly realized that AI summarizes and generates output better than 90% of them We now take the AI output and give it to human editors who add a layer of opinion that all newsletters need to compete in an increasingly AI dominated world. Although I’m sure a forthcoming ChatGPT 5 would be able to give such thoughts! This AI content + human editing model was first created by , the AI platform that enables website owners to output SEO-optimized content, who coined the term (AIO). Content at Scale Artificial Intelligence Optimization They even teach people how to make money in this new role as an , or where you can boost your agency profit margins from a decent 40% to over 70%. AIO editor AIO agency owner The AIO Process for Newsletters So what does this AI optimization look like and how can you implement within your own newsletter business? We’ll start with the usual chat suspects, and then move to a new dedicated newsletter tool. First up, you need your sources, where you will find stories from in your niche. Sure you can create a spreadsheet listing all the top blogs and news sites in your niche, but it’s far easier to pull the RSS into a tool that aggregates them and makes it easier to check. Or you can simply ask the AI chat bots, although as Chat GPT can’t search the web out of the box (you need access to the ), you’ll need to use and Google’s for this. browsing plugin Bing Chat Bard With Bing Chat, you simply ask what the top stories have been over the last week and it gives you the results plus web links: Bard isn’t as good or simple as you need to click on ‘Double-check response’ to get the sources and then hover over the coloured parts: The output is better formatted for a newsletter, however, with short summaries. Even though shorter stories will result in higher click through rates which helps email deliverability and also enables your sponsorships to get more clicks, most operators will likely want longer-form stories, 150+ words. As such, select a particular source and ask the AI for the wordcount you want. I picked a then asked each chat tool to summarise the URL. recent top story on Hackernoon ChatGPT can’t do this out of the box, even with paying for GPT-4 so that’s a instant fail: You have to copy and paste the content in, and no-one has time or the desire for that. Fortunately Bard can summarize URLs, and outputted in 130 words to my 150 word request: You can also use a ‘TLDR’ prompt, this is the output from Bing which generated a 107 word summary: AI Newsletter Software If you want a tool that will automate the above sourcing and summarizing for you you need to check out . Neural News First up, its content discovery engine creates a newsfeed for you based on your niche or keyword, here is one about startups: You then simply select which are the most relevant stories for the AI to summarize, and on the next screen select a tone (I went for ‘engaging’) and desired word count: It then generates a newsletter with stories that have a title, email and view source link, and you copy as rich text directly into your newsletter platform, such as in my case. beehiiv When it’s in your beehiiv account you can use their where the smart editor will simplify, shorten or extend the output, or change the tone. artificial intelligence built for newsletter operators There’s also a bunch of other features, such as AI image tools where you can generate images such as the featured image for the web post, from directly inside the editor (just like you can here at Hackernoon): The Death of Agencies Whatever you feel about this AI powered newsletter reality, there is no stopping it, the only thing to do is embrace it. It’s going to kill most $5K/m newsletter agencies, like so I thought I’d be the one to disrupt myself. the package I used to sell I now use the above tools (and others) to offer a produtized service at to deliver 6 stories a week uploaded into newsletter operators’ beehiiv account, ready for them to put their own spin on it. Letter Operators These stories are AI + human sourced and then AI summarized + human edited. I’d much rather own a business with 500 customers paying $500/m than 50 clients paying $5K/m, especially one that involves complexity due to human labor. This anti-agency is anti-fragile in comparison, and is an asset that’s much easier to sell and will achieve a higher multiple. In the niche website space, we’ve already seen the fall of a large content writing agency with 100+ writers due to the disruption of AI: https://twitter.com/Charles_SEO/status/1677010332475174912?embedable=true One of the owners stated that: The steep rise in AI content resulted in an incredibly quick decline in revenue. Being such a large business with lots of staff and high overheads, we were unable to cut costs quickly enough. I don’t want to be this guy. Conclusion Platforms like beehiiv or Shopify, make launching and running online businesses simple and profitable. And newsletter businesses are the simplest model I know, yet can be monetized in every way possible. The AI tools above (and future ones being created) will enable so many more people to launch, operate and make money from newsletters, without the weekly grind of having to find and summarize news stories. Instead, creators will be freed up to focus on crafting opinion pieces and their own products. Ultimately, this will indeed cause peak newsletter, where there will be so many more publishers competing for sponsorship dollars. The bubble or top will certainly be in then. However, I’m bullish that media buyers will start directing a much greater percentage of their budgets into newsletters with engaged subscribers, vs just giving it to the big platforms targeting cold traffic. And finally, to not be displaced by AI, you need to incorporate it into your business, whether you’re the end-user, or an agency provider.

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Newsletter Businesses Are About to 10x Due to AI

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🪐 has got you covered with fresh content from our top 5 stories of the day, every day at noon your local time! Set email preference . What's happening in tech this week: The Noonification by HackerNoon here Newsletter Businesses Are About to 10x Due to AI By [ 7 Min read ]
Are we in a newsletter bubble? I think it’s about to go 10x due to AI and platforms like beehiiv that make it easy to start, scale and monetize. @richard Read More. Why Diversity Matters in Healthcare — And How Technology Can Help By [ 5 Min read ]
The healthcare workforce should reflect the diversity of its patients — but it still has a long way to go. Heres how tech can promote healthcare diversity. @zacamos Read More. How To Stop Blog Comment Spammers, the Parasites Of Our Digital Ecosystem By [ 6 Min read ]
If left unchecked, spammy comments can overwhelm your platform and detract from the quality of your content. 🧑‍💻 What happened in your world this week?It's been said that , , . Feeling stuck? We got you covered ⬇️⬇️⬇️ We hope you enjoy this worth of free reading material. Feel free to forward this email to a nerdy friend who'll love you for it.See you on Planet Internet! With love,
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On November 3, 2023, Citizens Bank collapsed. Its closure marked , the most bank failures in a single year since 2017. the fifth US bank failure of 2023 After a few years of calm, people in the US rediscovered a hard truth: Even the safest assets and most trustworthy institutions can fail. Risk abounds — sometimes, in the most unlikely places, like US treasuries or auto loans. In the spring, it was Credit Suisse. In the fall, it was China. Next year, maybe it’ll be CLOs or commercial real estate. What about Japanese bonds? Canadian mortgages? A collapsing ruble? A global recession? A new war? With every crisis, the “macro” looks worse. Face the music Yet, we still have money. What shall we do with it? For more than a year, I’ve split money into cash, crypto, and bonds (specifically, t-bills). No matter what happens to the US economy, I’m covered. https://hackernoon.com/the-new-6040-portfolio-bonds-bitcoin-and-cash?embedable=true So far, the bonds have returned about 5% on average. Bitcoin’s up about 80% over that time. I used the cash to pay down lines of credit at 7-8% annual interest. Meanwhile, the S&P 500 is up 3% and the TLT is down 7% over that time. I must sound like a pretty smart guy, right? Hardly. I'm a crypto guy. What the hell do I know about macro cycles and the implications of central bank monetary policies? The “macro” guys say you have to follow quadrants, “don’t fight the Fed,” and worry about “draining liquidity.” I’m not a macro guy. I saw that crypto and bonds were way below historical benchmarks. By some measures, they offer generational buying opportunities. At the same time, US equities are still high against historical benchmarks. Bond funds will underperform until the Fed cuts rates. Real estate’s frozen (in some countries, it’s on the verge of a meltdown). That’s a statement of today’s circumstances, not a “macro” position. The “macro” changes all the time in unpredictable ways. A recession is 100% guaranteed. Central banks will break something eventually. The risks are real. The timing is unclear. As such, when an opportunity presents itself, sometimes you have to take it and hope for the best. Uncertainty is the only certainty People are looking for an earnings recession, a stock market crash, or at least a drop in earnings-per-share or P/E ratio back to something more in line with historical norms. Can you trust conventional metrics like EPS and P/E? Wall Street did record amounts of buybacks in 2021 and 2022. Those buybacks artificially boosted share prices. Did those buybacks artificially elevate those metrics, too? Do these falling metrics reflect changes in how businesses reward shareholders? Does that even matter? Most companies issue more new shares than they buy back each year. Even after the buybacks, your equity is usually getting diluted (though you benefit in other ways). This should skew the metrics in the opposite direction, right? Does that mean EPS and P/E might actually understate the value of a stock? Man, this stuff is confusing! You find only what you look for What about employment data? Are we measuring that correctly? Since 2020, we’ve seen a boom in people using the Internet and the gig economy to make extra money on top of their day jobs. Does that skew the employment data? We’ve also seen a lot of people leave the workforce for retirement, disability, or death. Does the data properly account for that? Why do we see discrepancies between the JOBS data and the JOLTS data? What about demographics? The US population is shrinking and we’re getting older, sicker, and less productive — until you include immigration. Once you do that, US demographics look great. Our population is growing and we’re getting younger, healthier, and more productive. But immigration’s trended down for years! Do you include immigration in your projection because that trend might change? Or strip out immigration because it’s uncertain what will happen in the future? What about inflation data? At the beginning of the year, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics changed how it calculates some of the inflation metrics. What does that mean for the Fed’s analysis and their decisions? Can we still compare today’s changes with the changes that happened in the past under a different calculation? The National Bureau of Economic Research changed its definition of recession a few years ago. Under the old definition, the US had a recession in 2022. Under the new definition, the US may never have another recession again. No wonder it’s so hard to predict the future. We don’t even know what’s happening in the present! Go with what you got With all that uncertainty in the data, its construction, and its significance, how can anybody make heads or tails of anything? The Fed says it’s going to follow the data. What does that even mean? Economics is not a science. Data only tells you one part of the story. We will never have all the pieces of the puzzle. Only in hindsight will we know what to do, and by that time, we won’t have a chance to do anything about it. Sure, the “macro” sucks. It always does! Priya in the Park is always telling you the market’s going to crash. She’s always right—but her timing sucks. She’s like the boy who cried wolf. There are wolves lurking in the macro, ready to attack your sheep. When you keep warning people about a wolf, you’d better show people a wolf. Otherwise, they’ll stop believing you. Then that day the wolf finally attacks, you’ll cry out as loud as you can and everybody else will shrug you off. Financial hypochondriacs For macro analysts, every negative data point is a sign of a recession. Every unhealthy shift is a new trend that will doom us. They’re financial hypochondriacs. Every headache is a brain tumor. Every twinge is a reason to pop a pill. For the past two years, they’ve told you to stay away from crypto. Yet, if you bought bitcoin each day for the past two years, you’d be up 17% on your investment. (With , you’re up 35% with cash to spare.) my plan https://cryptoiseasy.beehiiv.com/p/plan-buying-selling-bitcoin?embedable=true If you put the same amount into SPX each day, you’re up 4% on your investment. With cash in a money market mutual fund, you’re up 2% on your investment. Maybe it’s not the data that’s the problem. Maybe it’s the analysts. If that’s true, they don’t need to find better data. They need to find a psychiatrist. That’s your advantage The macro always sucks and nobody knows what will happen next. Plus, your government can wave its magic wand and change everything. Turn that uncertainty into an advantage. That uncertainty is the only reason we can take a small amount of money and turn it into an outsized stake in the financial networks of the future. Once the “macro” is clear and people feel comfortable putting money into crypto, that opportunity will disappear. Prices will get too high. Money will get too easy. Speculative enthusiasm will replace genuine conviction. Embrace uncertainty. Treasure doubt. Act with confidence, not in the belief in any one outcome, but in the belief that you have a sound strategy and realistic expectations. And those other assets I talked about above? At some point, they’ll reverse their trends. Your “macro” analyst may spot that, or maybe not. (I won’t even try.) Are you ready for when that time comes? If not, get ready now. It’s nice to have clarity about the “macro,” but it’s not necessarily the best investment strategy. You can always make up for bad timing. Complacency kills. This post is also available as a collectible NFT on . Mirror https://mirror.xyz/0x9a6600c7B40801dda9A0Fa4E8DE7b1B99FE524a7/73dWtw9wRC-mu3xzNNb0IO633Mr7d8TUk_ea4mlts9U?embedable=true Mark Helfman publishes the newsletter. He is also the author of three books and a top Bitcoin writer on and . Learn more about him in his and connect with him on or . Crypto is Easy Medium Hacker Noon bio Superpeer Tealfeed

Woe to Those Who Hang Their Financial Fate on “Macro”

Mark Twain's Speeches by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . BUSINESS here BUSINESS The alumni of Eastman College gave their annual banquet,
          March 30, 1901, at the Y. M. C. A. Building. Mr. James G.
          Cannon, of the Fourth National Bank, made the first speech of
          the evening, after which Mr. Clemens was introduced by Mr.
          Bailey as the personal friend of Tom Sawyer, who was one of the
          types of successful business men. MR. CANNON has furnished me with texts enough to last as slow a speaker as myself all the rest of the night. I took exception to the introducing of Mr. Cannon as a great financier, as if he were the only great financier present. I am a financier. But my methods are not the same as Mr. Cannon’s. I cannot say that I have turned out the great business man that I thought I was when I began life. But I am comparatively young yet, and may learn. I am rather inclined to believe that what troubled me was that I got the big-head early in the game. I want to explain to you a few points of difference between the principles of business as I see them and those that Mr. Cannon believes in. He says that the primary rule of business success is loyalty to your employer. That’s all right—as a theory. What is the matter with loyalty to yourself? As nearly as I can understand Mr. Cannon’s methods, there is one great drawback to them. He wants you to work a great deal. Diligence is a good thing, but taking things easy is much more-restful. My idea is that the employer should be the busy man, and the employee the idle one. The employer should be the worried man, and the employee the happy one. And why not? He gets the salary. My plan is to get another man to do the work for me. In that there’s more repose. What I want is repose first, last, and all the time. Mr. Cannon says that there are three cardinal rules of business success; they are diligence, honesty, and truthfulness. Well, diligence is all right. Let it go as a theory. Honesty is the best policy—when there is money in it. But truthfulness is one of the most dangerous—why, this man is misleading you. I had an experience to-day with my wife which illustrates this. I was acknowledging a belated invitation to another dinner for this evening, which seemed to have been sent about ten days ago. It only reached me this morning. I was mortified at the discourtesy into which I had been brought by this delay, and wondered what was being thought of me by my hosts. As I had accepted your invitation, of course I had to send regrets to my other friends. When I started to write this note my wife came up and stood looking over my shoulder. Women always want to know what is going on. Said she “Should not that read in the third person?” I conceded that it should, put aside what I was writing, and commenced over again. That seemed to satisfy her, and so she sat down and let me proceed. I then—finished my first note—and so sent what I intended. I never could have done this if I had let my wife know the truth about it. Here is what I wrote: TO THE OHIO SOCIETY,—I have at this moment received a most kind
     invitation (eleven days old) from Mr. Southard, president; and a
     like one (ten days old) from Mr. Bryant, president of the Press
     Club.  I thank the society cordially for the compliment of these
     invitations, although I am booked elsewhere and cannot come.

     But, oh, I should like to know the name of the Lightning Express by
     which they were forwarded; for I owe a friend a dozen chickens, and
     I believe it will be cheaper to send eggs instead, and let them
     develop on the road.
                    Sincerely yours,
                                        Mark TWAIN. I want to tell you of some of my experiences in business, and then I will be in a position to lay down one general rule for the guidance of those who want to succeed in business. My first effort was about twenty-five years ago. I took hold of an invention—I don’t know now what it was all about, but some one came to me and told me it was a good thing, and that there was lots of money in it. He persuaded me to invest $15,000, and I lived up to my beliefs by engaging a man to develop it. To make a long story short, I sunk $40,000 in it. Then I took up the publication of a book. I called in a publisher and said to him: “I want you to publish this book along lines which I shall lay down. I am the employer, and you are the employee. I am going to show them some new kinks in the publishing business. And I want you to draw on me for money as you go along,” which he did. He drew on me for $56,000. Then I asked him to take the book and call it off. But he refused to do that. My next venture was with a machine for doing something or other. I knew less about that than I did about the invention. But I sunk $170,000 in the business, and I can’t for the life of me recollect what it was the machine was to do. I was still undismayed. You see, one of the strong points about my business life was that I never gave up. I undertook to publish General Grant’s book, and made $140,000 in six months. My axiom is, to succeed in business: avoid my example. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Mark Twain's Speeches. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3188/pg3188-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

HackerNoon Tech Stories Archive November 4th, 2023

@technologynewsTechnology News Australia

@bochkarevalexAlexei Bochkarev

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@techbeatTechbeat

@zacamosZac Amos

@learnLearn Repo

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@richardRichard Patey

@technologynews
Technology News Australia

@bochkarevalex
Alexei Bochkarev

@legalpdf
Legal PDF

@legalpdf
Legal PDF

@legalpdf
Legal PDF

@techbeat
Techbeat

@zacamos
Zac Amos

@learn
Learn Repo

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Learn Repo

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Learn Repo

@richard
Richard Patey