Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX. No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION. here THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION. The inquiry for American manufactured products and machinery abroad seems to grow in volume and variety daily. And though, in comparison with our capacity to produce, the foreign demand is yet small, its possibilities are unlimited. To increase the demand the immediate problem is to make known throughout the world in the most attractive fashion possible the wide range of articles which America is prepared to furnish, and which other nations have use for. As a medium for conveying such intelligence the monthly export edition of the Scientific American is unequaled. The table of contents of the second issue, to be found in another column, will give an idea of the wide range and permanent as well as timely interest of the matter it circulates. It is a magazine of valuable information that will be preserved and repeatedly read. The handsomely illustrated advertising pages supplement the text, and make it at once the freshest, fullest, and most attractive periodical of the sort in the world. An examination of the index of advertisers will show how widely its advantages for reaching foreign buyers have been appreciated by leading American houses. In the advertising page xxv. appears a list of some eight hundred foreign commercial places in which the circulation of the paper is guaranteed, as evidence that it reaches those for whom such publications are intended. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2013). Scientific American, Vol. XXXIX. No. 6. [New Series.], August 10, 1878. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19406/pg19406-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION

Scientific American, Volume XLIII., No. 25, December 18, 1880, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Telegraph Wires Underground. here Telegraph Wires Underground. Philadelphia newspapers report that the American Union Telegraph Company are about to try in that city the experiment of putting their wires underground. The plan works well enough in European cities, and there would seem to be no reason why it should not succeed here, save the indisposition of the companies to bear the first cost of making the change. For some months the Western Union Telegraph Company has had the matter under consideration, but will probably wait until pressed by a rival company before it undertakes the more serious task of taking down its forest of poles and sinking the wires which contribute so much to the prevailing ugliness of our streets. Sooner or later the poles and wires must come down; and it is altogether probable that the change will be beneficial to the companies in the long run, owing to the smaller cost of maintaining a subterranean system. It will certainly be an advantage to the community. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2007). Scientific American, Volume XLIII., No. 25, December 18, 1880. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/21081/pg21081-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Telegraph Wires Underground

Mark Twain's Speeches by Mark Twain, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ABOUT LONDON here ABOUT LONDON ADDRESS AT A DINNER GIVEN BY THE SAVAGE CLUB,
          LONDON, SEPTEMBER 28, 1872.

          Reported by Moncure D. Conway in the Cincinnati Commercial. It affords me sincere pleasure to meet this distinguished club, a club which has extended its hospitalities and its cordial welcome to so many of my countrymen. I hope [and here the speaker’s voice became low and fluttering] you will excuse these clothes. I am going to the theatre; that will explain these clothes. I have other clothes than these. Judging human nature by what I have seen of it, I suppose that the customary thing for a stranger to do when he stands here is to make a pun on the name of this club, under the impression, of course, that he is the first man that that idea has occurred to. It is a credit to our human nature, not a blemish upon it; for it shows that underlying all our depravity (and God knows and you know we are depraved enough) and all our sophistication, and untarnished by them, there is a sweet germ of innocence and simplicity still. When a stranger says to me, with a glow of inspiration in his eye, some gentle, innocuous little thing about “Twain and one flesh,” and all that sort of thing, I don’t try to crush that man into the earth—no. I feel like saying: “Let me take you by the hand, sir; let me embrace you; I have not heard that pun for weeks.” We will deal in palpable puns. We will call parties named King “Your Majesty,” and we will say to the Smiths that we think we have heard that name before somewhere. Such is human nature. We cannot alter this. It is God that made us so for some good and wise purpose. Let us not repine. But though I may seem strange, may seem eccentric, I mean to refrain from punning upon the name of this club, though I could make a very good one if I had time to think about it—a week. I cannot express to you what entire enjoyment I find in this first visit to this prodigious metropolis of yours. Its wonders seem to me to be limitless. I go about as in a dream—as in a realm of enchantment—where many things are rare and beautiful, and all things are strange and marvellous. Hour after hour I stand—I stand spellbound, as it were—and gaze upon the statuary in Leicester Square. [Leicester Square being a horrible chaos, with the relic of an equestrian statue in the centre, the king being headless and limbless, and the horse in little better condition.] I visit the mortuary effigies of noble old Henry VIII., and Judge Jeffreys, and the preserved gorilla, and try to make up my mind which of my ancestors I admire the most. I go to that matchless Hyde Park and drive all around it, and then I start to enter it at the Marble Arch—-and—am induced to “change my mind.” [Cabs are not permitted in Hyde Park—nothing less aristocratic than a private carriage.] It is a great benefaction—is Hyde Park. There, in his hansom cab, the invalid can go—the poor, sad child of misfortune—and insert his nose between the railings, and breathe the pure, health-giving air of the country and of heaven. And if he is a swell invalid, who isn’t obliged to depend upon parks for his country air, he can drive inside—if he owns his vehicle. I drive round and round Hyde Park, and the more I see of the edges of it the more grateful I am that the margin is extensive. And I have been to the Zoological Gardens. What a wonderful place that is! I never have seen such a curious and interesting variety of wild animals in any garden before—except “Mabilie.” I never believed before there were so many different kinds of animals in the world as you can find there—and I don’t believe it yet. I have been to the British Museum. I would advise you to drop in there some time when you have nothing to do for—five minutes—if you have never been there: It seems to me the noblest monument that this nation has yet erected to her greatness. I say to her, our greatness—as a nation. True, she has built other monuments, and stately ones, as well; but these she has uplifted in honor of two or three colossal demigods who have stalked across the world’s stage, destroying tyrants and delivering nations, and whose prodigies will still live in the memories of men ages after their monuments shall have crumbled to dust—I refer to the Wellington and Nelson monuments, and—the Albert memorial. [Sarcasm. The Albert memorial is the finest monument in the world, and celebrates the existence of as commonplace a person as good luck ever lifted out of obscurity.] The library at the British Museum I find particularly astounding. I have read there hours together, and hardly made an impression on it. I revere that library. It is the author’s friend. I don’t care how mean a book is, it always takes one copy. [A copy of every book printed in Great Britain must by law be sent to the British Museum, a law much complained of by publishers.] And then every day that author goes there to gaze at that book, and is encouraged to go on in the good work. And what a touching sight it is of a Saturday afternoon to see the poor, careworn clergymen gathered together in that vast reading-room cabbaging sermons for Sunday. You will pardon my referring to these things. Everything in this monster city interests me, and I cannot keep from talking, even at the risk of being instructive. People here seem always to express distances by parables. To a stranger it is just a little confusing to be so parabolic—so to speak. I collar a citizen, and I think I am going to get some valuable information out of him. I ask him how far it is to Birmingham, and he says it is twenty-one shillings and sixpence. Now we know that doesn’t help a man who is trying to learn. I find myself down-town somewhere, and I want to get some sort of idea where I am—being usually lost when alone—and I stop a citizen and say: “How far is it to Charing Cross?” “Shilling fare in a cab,” and off he goes. I suppose if I were to ask a Londoner how far it is from the sublime to the ridiculous, he would try to express it in coin. But I am trespassing upon your time with these geological statistics and historical reflections. I will not longer keep you from your orgies. ’Tis a real pleasure for me to be here, and I thank you for it. The name of the Savage Club is associated in my mind with the kindly interest and the friendly offices which you lavished upon an old friend of mine who came among you a stranger, and you opened your English hearts to him and gave him welcome and a home—Artemus Ward. Asking that you will join me, I give you his memory. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Mark Twain (2004). Mark Twain's Speeches. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3188/pg3188-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ABOUT LONDON

Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . CURIOUS FACTS IN MAGNETISM. here CURIOUS FACTS IN MAGNETISM. At the meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences February 17th, the article in the March number of , entitled "Gary's Magnetic Motor," was incidentally alluded to, and Prof. C. A. Seeley made the following remarks: The article claims that Mr. Gary has made a discovery of a neutral line or surface, at which the polarity of an induced magnet, while moving in the field of the inducing pole, is changed. The alleged discovery appears to be an exaggerated statement of some curious facts, which, although not new, are not commonly recognized. If a bar of iron be brought up, end on, near a magnetic pole, the bar becomes an induced magnet, but an induced magnet quite different from what our elementary treatises seem to predict. On the first scrutiny it is a magnet without a neutral point, and only one kind of magnetism—namely, that of the inducing pole. Moreover, the single pole is pretty evenly distributed over the whole surface, so that if iron filings be sprinkled on the bar they will be attracted at all points and completely cover it. Now, if while the bar is covered by filings it be moved away from the inducing pole, the filings will gradually and progressively fall, beginning at the end nearest the inducing pole and continuing to some point near the middle of the bar; the filings at the remote end will generally be held permanently. When the bar is carried beyond the field of the inducing pole it is simply a weak magnet of ordinary properties— , of two poles and a neutral point between them. Harper's Magazine i. e. A plausible and simple explanation of this case is that the inducing pole holds or binds the induced magnetism of opposite name, so that it has no external influence; the two magnetisms are related to each other as are the positive and negative electricities of the Leyden jar. Let the inducing pole be N.; the S. of the bar will be attracted by it and bound, while the N. of the bar becomes abnormally free and active. On moving the bar from the pole the bound magnetism is released and a part becomes residual magnetism. Now when the residual balances the free magnetism which is of opposite name, we are on Gary's neutral line. In a restricted sense there is a change of polarity over the half of the bar contiguous to the inducing pole; on the other half there is no change of pole in any sense. Experiment with a shingle nail in the place of the filings, Gary, bring the nail to the induced bound pole, and it may be held, except at the neutral line. Now if one will read the magazine article with such ideas as these he will feel pretty sure that the writer of it has used words recklessly, that Gary has not made an original discovery, and that the "neutral" line, whatever it be, has only an imagined relation to the "principle" of the motor. à la The Gary Motor as a perpetual motion scheme, of course, is not worthy of serious notice from a society devoted to science. It has no noteworthy novelty of construction or conception. Mr. Gary is afflicted with the very old delusion of the cut-off or shield of magnetism, which is to cost less than what comes from it. His cut-off is a sheet of iron, which we know acts simply as an armature. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume 40, No. 13, March 29, 1879. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18866/pg18866-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

CURIOUS FACTS IN MAGNETISM

MAGNETISM IN ITS RELATION TO INDUCED ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE AND CURRENT

Scientific American Supplement, No. 717, September 28, 1889, by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . THE NAVAL FORGES AND STEEL WORKS AT ST. CHAMOND. here THE NAVAL FORGES AND STEEL WORKS AT ST. CHAMOND. With the idyls and historic or picturesque subjects that the Universal Exposition gives us the occasion to publish, we thought we would make a happy contrast by selecting a subject of a different kind, by presenting to our readers Mr. Layraud's fine picture, which represents the gigantic power hammer used at the St. Chamond Forges and Steel Works in the construction of our naval guns. By the side of the machinery gallery and the Eiffel tower this gigantic apparatus is well in its place. The following is the technical description that has been given to us to accompany our engraving: In an immense hall, measuring 260 ft. in length by 98 ft. in width, a gang of workmen has just taken from the furnace a 90 ton ingot for a large gun for an armor-clad vessel. The piece is carried by a steam crane of 140 tons power, and the men grouped at the maneuvering levers are directing this incandescent mass under the power hammer which is to shape it. This hammer, whose huge dimensions allow it to take in the object treated, is one of the largest in existence. Its striking mass is capable of reaching 100 tons, and the height of the fall is 16 ft. To the left of the hammer is seen a workman getting ready to set it in motion. It takes but one man to maneuver this apparatus, and this is one of the characteristic features of its construction. The beginning of this hammer's operation, as well as the operations of the forge itself, which contains three other hammers of less power, dates back to 1879. It is with this great hammer that the largest cannons of the naval artillery—those of 16 inches—have been made (almost all of which have been manufactured at St. Chamond), and those, too, of 14, 13, and 12 inches. This is the hammer, too, that, a few months ago, was the first to be set at work on the huge 13 in. guns of new model, whose length is no less than 52 ft. in the rough. Let us add a few more figures to this account in order to emphasize the importance of the installations which Mr. Layraud's picture recalls, and which our great French industry has not hesitated to establish, notwithstanding the great outlay that they necessitated. This huge hammer required foundations extending to a depth of 32 ft., and the amount of metal used in its construction was 2,640,000 pounds. The cost of establishing the works with all the apparatus contained therein was $400,000.— Le Monde Illustre. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 717, September 28, 1889. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/17755/pg17755-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

THE NAVAL FORGES AND STEEL WORKS AT ST. CHAMOND

Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON SILICON. here ON SILICON. It is known that platinum heated in a forge fire, in contact with carbon, becomes fusible. Boussingault has shown that this is due to the formation of a silicide of platinum by means of the reduction of the silica of the carbon by the metal. MM. P. Schützenberger and A. Colson have produced the same phenomenon by heating to white heat a slip of platinum in the center of a thick layer of lampblack free from silica. The increase in weight of the metal and the augmentation of its fusibility were found to be due, in this case also, to a combination with silicon. As the silicon could not come directly from the carbon which surrounded the platinum, MM. Schützenberger and Colson have endeavored to discover under what form it could pass from the walls of the crucible through a layer of lampblack several centimeters in thickness, in spite of a volatility amounting to almost nothing under the conditions of the experiment. They describe the following experiments as serving to throw some light upon the question: A thin slip of platinum rolled in a spiral is placed in a small crucible of retort carbon closed by a turned cover of the same material. This is placed in a second larger crucible of refractory clay, and the intervening space filled with lampblack tightly packed. The whole is then heated to white heat for an hour and a half in a good wind furnace. After cooling, the platinum is generally found to have been fused into a button, with a marked increase in weight due to taking up silicon, which has penetrated in the form of vapor through the walls of the interior crucible. If, in the preceding experiment, the lampblack be replaced by a mixture of lampblack and rutile in fine powder, the slip of platinum remains absolutely intact, and does not change in weight. Thus the titaniferous packing recommended by Sainte-Claire Deville for preventing the access of nitrogen in experiments at high temperatures also prevents the passage of silicon. A mixture of carbon and finely divided iron is, on the contrary, ineffectual. These facts seem to indicate that nitrogen plays a part in the transportation of the silicon, as this is only prevented by the same means made use of in order to prevent the passage of nitrogen. The volatility of free silicon at a high temperature is too slight to account for the alteration of the platinum at a distance. This can be shown by placing several decigrammes of crystallized silicon on the bottom of a small crucible of retort carbon, covering the silicon with a small flat disk of retort carbon upon which is placed the slip of platinum. The crucible, closed by its turned cover, is then enveloped in a titaniferous packing and kept at a brilliant white heat for an hour and a half. The metal is found to have only very slightly increased in weight, and its properties remain unaltered. This experiment was repeated several times with the same result. If, however, the crystallized silicon be replaced by powdered calcined silica, the platinum, placed upon the carbon disk, fuses and increases in weight, while the silica loses weight. The theory of these curious phenomena is very difficult to establish on account of the high temperatures which are necessary for their manifestation, but it may be concluded, at present, that nitrogen and probably oxygen also play some part in the transportation of the silicon across the intervening space, and that the carbosilicious compounds recently described by MM. Schützenberger and Colson also take part in the phenomenon.—Comptes Rendus, xciv., 1,710.—Amer. Chem. Journal. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American Supplement, No. 365, December 30, 1882. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/18763/pg18763-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON SILICON

Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.—No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Phosphorescent Sweating. here Phosphorescent Sweating. While the subject of phosphorescence in marine animals was under discussion at a society meeting in Florence, Professor Panceri cited the case of a medical man, who, after eating fish, felt indisposed, had nausea, and sweats that were luminous. This idiosyncrasy was laid to the , a Neapolitan fish. Dr. Borgiotti, another member of the Academy, also narrated a case of phosphorescent sweating in a patient with miliaria, a fact which has previously been noticed. pesce baudiera About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2012). Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII. —No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/38481/pg38481-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Phosphorescent Sweating

Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Action of the Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines. here Correspondence. . The Editors are not responsible for the opinions expressed by their Correspondents Action of the Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines. Messrs. Editors:—I have hesitated about the propriety of replying to the criticisms of your correspondent, J. E. Hendricks, upon my paper, on the action of the reciprocating parts of steam engines. It is not to be expected that a truth so opposed to commonly received notions—the reception of which requires so much to be unlearned—should at once receive the assent of every one. Some odd fancies on the subject are likely to be ventilated first. But your correspondent touches the root of the matter, and perhaps the fact questioned by him should be more clearly placed beyond dispute. I will dismiss the introductory part of his letter, merely observing that his "logical inference" is quite gratuitous and unwarranted. He says himself that its absurdity is obvious, in which I quite agree with him. The real question is this: What is the figure representing the acceleration of the motion of a piston, controlled by a crank which revolves with a uniform velocity? I stated it to be a right-angled triangle, and indicated, as I supposed, clearly enough, a simple method by which this could be shown. Your correspondent claims that the calculation, according to my own rule, gives a figure of a totally different form, and one that shows the acceleration, as well as the motion, to be reduced to zero at the commencement of the stroke. Let us see. Let the straight line, , in the following figure, represent half the stroke of the piston, and let the distances, , etc., on this line, represent the versed sines of 10°, 20°, etc., up to 90°, or the motion of the piston while the crank is moving through these arcs. At the points , etc., erect the perpendiculars, , etc., and let the length of each of these ordinates represent the acceleration imparted in a given time at that point of the stroke. Then will be to as is to , as is to , etc., showing that the straight line, , connects the extremities of all the ordinates, and that the triangle, , represents the acceleration of the motion of the piston, from the commencement to the middle of the stroke. AJ AB, AC A, B, C Aa, Bb, Cc AJ Aa IJ Ii HJ Hh aJ AJa The following table will enable any one to make the calculations proving the truth of the above proposition: The method of obtaining the decimals representing the acceleration for 1°, at any point, was fully explained in the paper, and compared with the similar method of showing the uniform acceleration of a body acted on by a constant force. The ordinary tables in the hand-books, going only to five places of decimals, are of no use for these computations. I would suggest a practical experiment. Let any one having an engine running at a good speed, loosen the crank pin brasses a little, so that, at starting, it will thump heavily. Let the engine be lightly loaded, so that only a small portion of the boiler pressure will need to be admitted to the cylinder. As its speed increases, the thump will die away; and, if at its full speed, the pressure of the steam admitted is not so great as to overcome the centrifugal strain of the reciprocating parts on the crank, as it passes the centers, the engine will revolve in silence. Any one can ascertain, by the rule given in the note to the paper, just what pressure can be admitted without causing a thump, or this can be found by a little experimenting. I am running an engine which does not thump with loose crank pin brasses, under eighty pounds pressure, admitted sharply on the centers. Charles T. Porter. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXIV., No. 12, March 18, 1871. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19180/pg19180-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

Action of the Reciprocating Parts of Steam Engines

Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . STARCHES FOR THE FINISHING OF COTTON FABRICS. here STARCHES FOR THE FINISHING OF COTTON FABRICS. The starches have been classified by Dr. Muter, according to the appearance they give under the microscope, into five groups: .—Hilum and concentric rings visible. All the granules, oval or ovate. Tous-le-mois, potato, arrowroot, etc. Class I .—The concentric rings are all but invisible, the hilum is stellate. Maize, pea, bean, etc. Class II .—The concentric rings are all but invisible, also the hilum in the majority of granules. Wheat, barley, rye, chestnut, etc. Class III .—All the granules truncated at one end. Sago, tapioca, etc. Class IV .—All the granules angular in form. Rice, tacca, arrowroot, oats, etc. Class V The principal starches used for finishing cotton fabrics are potato (farina), wheat, Indian corn (maize), rice, tapioca, arrowroot, sago; the last three not so often as those previously named. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2004). Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/11649/pg11649-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

STARCHES FOR THE FINISHING OF COTTON FABRICS

Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . ON THE ADULTERATION OF SOAP. here ON THE ADULTERATION OF SOAP. By Dr. H. BRACKEBUSCH. The importance of soap as an indispensable article in the household has not restrained the adulterators from making it a favorite object of their operations, and at the present day soap is only very rarely what it should be, the alkaline salt of a fatty acid with about 15 per cent. of water, which may be increased in case of soft soaps to 30 per cent. at most. The amount of moisture is an immediate signal for adulteration. Of all substances that can be used to adulterate soap, water is of course the cheapest, and as it is also harmless, this was the first point where manufacturers made use of their knowledge. The percentage of water was raised to 26 or 28 per cent., and now nearly all the ordinary soaps contain that amount when they leave the factory. At first the retailers objected to this method, because they had to suffer the loss so far as it dried out and lost weight in the store. The next point was to find some substance that would prevent this rapid drying, and it was very soon discovered that those soaps that contained an excess of lye retained moisture longer. Henceforth it was only necessary to use lyes of extra strength so as to obtain a large yield of soap containing an excess of water. The results of this ingenious method are before us; in the shops of the soap dealers the bars of soap become coated with a crust of white crystals, which is nothing but soda. If a few drops of corrosive sublimate be dropped on these crystals, a red spot will at once be produced by the formation of mercuric oxide. In addition to the deception of the public who buy such soaps, this alkali destroys clothes washed with it, as the fiber of the tissues is directly attacked by it, while the proper action of the soap depends on its enveloping the particles of dirt and carrying them off. Soap is subject to another kind of adulteration called filling, or weighting. Soapstone and similar mineral substances are added to the finished soap to increase its weight. But it may be added that this fraudulent weighting is rare. Large establishments cannot take the risk of being detected in such avaricious practices, and small ones scarcely have the apparatus at their disposal for making a uniform mixture which will not arouse suspicion. Now soaps are frequently found in the market that scarcely deserve this name. Mineral soap, cold water soap, etc., are the names inscribed on the placards behind which is buried a preparation consisting for the greater part of water-glass. The well-known water-glass is a silicate of soda or potash dissolved in free or caustic soda, or potash. There was a time when it excited great hopes, and its introduction into the household for washing was dreamed of, but it was soon found that its caustic properties made their appearance at a relatively low temperature. Hence we often find the notice, "TO BE USED COLD," printed in bold letters on the wrappers. This product is obtained by thickening water-glass with stearine, oleine, or any other easily saponifiable fat. As it takes but very little of the substances named to make an article closely resembling soap, of course the product is very cheap. There does not seem to be any limit to the amount of water in it; at least the author found in one kind of mineral soap from Berlin 58 per cent. of water. Water-glass soaps do not dissolve readily in water, they make but little suds, and render the skin hard and unpliable. Admitting that they are suitable for many purposes, nothing can be said against their sale so long as they appear under names which preclude their being confounded with other soaps. Nevertheless, there is always this danger--that water-glass may come into general use in making soap, and this is to be deplored. Water-glass soaps are easily recognized by their insolubility in moderately strong alcohol, the water-glass remaining behind in a gelatinous form. Great deception has been practiced under such names as "almond soap," etc. Fortunately the difference between various kinds of fat are not very great from a chemical point of view, although it is always an unpleasant thought that the fat from animals that have died may return to the house in the form of soap. A white or yellow soap having a good smell is not made from bad fat, and hence is more appetizing. A method formerly much in use consisted in mixing green soap with starch paste, a mixture that could not be detected by the naked eye, especially if colored with caramel. On attempting to dissolve it in ordinary burning alcohol, a white coagulum forms. From the foregoing it is sufficiently evident that those who buy soap to sell again have every reason to keep a sharp lookout on those who furnish them with soap.-- Polyt. Notiz. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2005). Scientific American Supplement, No. 392, July 7, 1883. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8742/pg8742-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

ON THE ADULTERATION OF SOAP

Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877 by Various, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . New York Academy of Science here NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. On Monday evening, January 29, 1877, a meeting of this Academy was held at the School of Mines, Columbia College, Dr. J.S. Newberry, President, in the chair. Mr. A.A. Julian, A.M., read a paper on the PREPARATION OF ROCK AND MINERAL SECTIONS FOR MICROSCOPIC STUDY. The speaker described in detail the various operations, exhibited the different kinds of apparatus employed, showed the operations, and exhibited the finished sections. In some rocks a thin chip can be broken off, others require to be sawn, and for the latter purpose the diamond saw is best. Having obtained the chip, it is first polished on one side, then cemented to a little square of glass, and the other side polished in the same way. The sections must not be too thick, nor too thin; they are usually made from a hundredth to a thousandth of an inch thick. Lathes employed in polishing minerals require to be provided with conical spindles, so that the wear, due to grit and emery dust getting on them, may be readily taken up. The grinding wheel may be either horizontal or vertical; the former has the advantage that the mineral can be held in either hand; with the latter only the right hand can be employed, and that in an awkward and tiresome position. Mr. Julian then referred briefly to the kinds of emery, its preparation by elutriation, etc., and cautioned operators against using rouge or tin putty powder in polishing rock sections, although they may be employed in polishing certain minerals and gems. The object of making the rock sections being to study their constituents and determine what minerals enter into their composition, it is important that no foreign substance, liable to adhere to the specimen and to be mistaken for one of its ingredients, be placed on the section while grinding. Lastly, the minerals are mounted on glass, with or without covers, by means of Canada balsam. Square glasses are to be preferred to the long and narrow strips, usually employed, as less liable to break in the center, and more easily revolved on the stage of a microscope. Mr. L.H. Landy then exhibited, by means of the gas microscope, several beautiful rock sections, both American and German. The same gentleman also showed the effect of passing polarized light through certain crystal sections, the black cross and rainbow-hued rings revolving like so many wheels as the polarizer was turned. At the conclusion of this brilliant exhibition, Dr. P.T. Austen made some remarks on LABORATORY MANIPULATIONS. The points referred to were the apparently unimportant details which often contribute so much to the ease and pleasure of working. First, the use of square pieces of felt, such as are used under beer glasses in saloons, for setting hot beakers and flasks on to prevent chilling and consequent cracking. Second, in crystallizing substances for examination under the microscope; one watch glass is placed upon another with the substance between them, and the upper glass filled with ether, the cold produced by its evaporation hastening the crystallization. Third, removing precipitates and solid matter from flasks, by heating to boiling, and inverting in a vessel of water. Fourth, crystallization by gradual dilution. Fifth, filter paper without ash. In German laboratories it is customary to dissolve out the mineral matter from white filtering paper by washing in dilute hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids. Sixth, the use of infusorial silica for drying purposes. Being very porous, it will absorb five times its own volume of water. If a filter paper, holding a wet precipitate, be placed upon a layer of this earth, it will become quite dry in a very short space of time. Mr. Austen also remarked that substances retain their heat for several days when placed in cork boxes. To keep a substance air-tight, it may be placed in a flask, the neck painted with a solution of india rubber in chloroform, and a plate of glass laid upon it. The solvent quickly evaporates, leaving a delicate film of rubber, which holds the glass tightly in place. The next meeting of the Chemical Section will be held February 12; of the Mineralogical Section, February 19. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Various (2006). Scientific American, Volume XXXVI., No. 8, February 24, 1877. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/19406/pg19406-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes by Charles Babbage, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . Section 11 here SECTION 11. OF THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. The best friends of the Royal Society have long admitted, whilst they regretted, its declining fame; and even those who support whatever exists, begin a little to doubt whether it might not possibly be amended. The great and leading cause of the present state to which the Royal Society is reduced, may be traced to years of misrule to which it has been submitted. In order to understand this, it will be necessary to explain the nature of that misrule, and the means employed in perpetuating it. It is known, that by the statutes, the body of the Society have the power of electing, annually, their President, Officers, and Council; and it is also well known, that this is a merely nominal power, and that printed lists are prepared and put into the hands of the members on their entering the room, and thus passed into the balloting box. If these lists were, as in other scientific societies, openly discussed in the Council, and then offered by them as recommendations to the Society, little inconvenience would arise; but the fact is, that they are private nominations by the President, usually without notice, to the Council, and all the supporters of the system which I am criticizing, endeavour to uphold the right of this nomination in the President, and prevent or discourage any alteration. The Society has, for years, been managed by a PARTY, or COTERIE, or by whatever other name may be most fit to designate a combination of persons, united by no expressed compact or written regulations, but who act together from a community of principles. That each individual has invariably supported all the measures of the party, is by no means the case; and whilst instances of opposition amongst them have been very rare, a silent resignation to circumstances has been the most usual mode of meeting measures they disapproved. The great object of this, as of all other parties, has been to maintain itself in power, and to divide, as far as it could, all the good things amongst its members. It has usually consisted of persons of very moderate talent, who have had the prudence, whenever they could, to associate with themselves other members of greater ability, provided these latter would not oppose the system, and would thus lend to it the sanction of their name. The party have always praised each other most highly—have invariably opposed all improvements in the Society, all change in the mode of management; and have maintained, that all those who wished for any alteration were factious; and, when they discovered any symptoms of independence and inquiry breaking out in any member of the Council, they have displaced him as soon as they decently could. Of the arguments employed by those who support the SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT by which the Royal Society is governed, I shall give a few samples: refutation is rendered quite unnecessary—juxta-position is alone requisite. If any member, seeing an improper appointment in contemplation, or any abuse in the management of the affairs of the Society continued, raise a voice against it, the ready answer is, Why should you interfere? it may not be quite the thing you approve; but it is no affair of yours.—If, on the other hand, it do relate to himself, the reply is equally ready. It is immediately urged: The question is of a personal nature; you are the last person who ought to bring it forward; you are yourself interested. If any member of the Society, feeling annoyed at the neglect, or hurt by the injuries or insults of the Council, show signs of remonstrance, it is immediately suggested to him that he is irritated, and ought to wait until his feelings subside, and he can judge more coolly on the subject; whilst with becoming candour they admit the ill-treatment, but urge forbearance. If, after an interval, when reflection has had ample time to operate, the offence seems great as at first, or the insult appears unmitigated by any circumstances on which memory can dwell,—if it is then brought forward, the immediate answer is, The affair is out of date—the thing is gone by—it is too late to call in question a transaction so long past. Thus, if a man is interested personally, he is unfit to question an abuse; if he is not, is it probable that he will question it? and if, notwithstanding this, he do so, then he is to be accounted a meddler. If he is insulted, and complain, he is told to wait until he is cool; and when that period arrives, he is then told he is too late. If his remonstrance relates to the alteration of laws which are never referred to, or only known by their repeated breach, he is told that any alteration is useless; it is perfectly well known that they are never adhered to. If it relate to the impolicy of any regulations attaching to an office, he is immediately answered, that that is a personal question, in which it is impossible to interfere—the officer, it seems, is considered to have not merely a vested right to the continuance of every abuse, but an interest in transmitting it unimpaired to his successors. In the same spirit I have heard errors of calculation or observation defended. If small errors occur, it is said that they are too trifling to be of any importance. If larger errors are pointed out, it is immediately contended that they can deceive nobody, because of their magnitude. Perhaps it might be of some use, if the Council would oblige the world with their SCALE of ERROR, with illustrations from some of the most RECENT and APPROVED works, and would favour the uninformed with the orthodox creed upon all grades, from that which baffles the human faculties to detect, up to that which becomes innocuous from its size. The offices connected with the Royal Society are few in number, and their emolument small in amount; but the proper disposition of them is, nevertheless, of great importance to the Society, and was so to the science of England. In the first place, the President, having in effect the absolute nomination of the whole Council, could each year introduce a few gentlemen, whose only qualification to sit on it would be the high opinion they must necessarily entertain of the penetration of him who could discover their scientific merits. He might also place in the list a few nobles or officials, just to gild it. Neither of these classes would put any troublesome questions, and one of them might be employed, from its station in society, to check any that might be proposed by others. With these ingredients, added to the regular train of the party, and a star or two of science to shed lustre over the whole, a very manageable Council might be formed; and such has been its frequent composition. The duties of the Secretaries, when well executed, are laborious, although not in this respect equal to those of the same officers who, in several societies, give their gratuitous aid; and their labours are much lightened by the Assistant Secretary and his clerk. The following are their salaries:— The Senior Secretary ........... 105L.
     The Junior Secretary, 105L........ )
       5L. for making Index to Phil. Trans... ) 110L.
     The Foreign Secretary...........  20L. Now it is not customary to change these annually; and as these offices are amongst the "loaves and fishes" they are generally given by the President to some staunch supporters of the system. They have frequently been bestowed, with very little consideration for the interest, or even for the dignity of the Society. To notice only one instance: the late Sir Joseph Banks appointed a gentleman who remained for years in that situation, although he was confessedly ignorant of every subject connected with the pursuits of the Society. I will, however, do justice to his memory, by saying that his respectability was preserved under such circumstances, by the most candid admission of the fact, accompanied by a store of other knowledge unfortunately quite foreign to the pursuits of the Society; and I will add, that I regretted to see him insulted by one President in a situation improperly given to him by a former. Next in order come the Vice-Presidents, who are appointed by the President; and in this respect the present practice is not inconvenient. The case, however, is widely different with the office of Treasurer. The President ought not to usurp the power of his appointment, which ought, after serious discussion by the Council, to be made by the Society at large. Besides the three Secretaries, there is an Assistant Secretary, and recently another has been added, who may perhaps be called a, Sub-assistant Secretary. All these places furnish patronage to the President. Let us now look at the occasional patronage of the President, arising from offices not belonging to the Society. He is, EX OFFICIO, a Trustee of the British Museum; and it may seem harsh to maintain that he is not a fit person to hold such a situation. It is no theoretical view, but it is the EXPERIENCE of the past which justifies the assertion; and I fear that unless he has the sole responsibility for some specific appointments, and unless his judgment is sharpened by the fear of public discussion, a President of the Royal Society, in the Board-room of the British Museum, is quite as likely as another person to sacrifice his public duty to the influence of power, or to private friendship. With respect to the merits of that Institution, I have no inclination at present to inquire: but when it is considered that there is at this moment attached to it no one whose observations or whose writings have placed him even in the second rank amongst the naturalists of Europe, the President of the Royal Society has given some grounds for the remark made by several members of the Society, that he is a little too much surrounded by the officers of a body who may reasonably be supposed to entertain towards him feelings either of gratitude or expectation. [It will be remembered that the name of Mr. Robert Brown has been but recently attached to the British Museum, and that it is to be attributed to his possessing a life interest in the valuable collection of the late Sir Joseph Banks.] The late Board of Longitude was another source of patronage, which, although now abolished, it may be useful to hint at. There were three members to be appointed by the Royal Society: these were honorary, and, as no salary was attached, it might have been expected that this limited number of appointments would have been given in all cases to persons qualified for them. But no: it was convenient to pay compliments; and Lord Colchester, whose talents and knowledge insured him respect as Speaker of the House of Commons, or as a British nobleman, was placed for years in the situation as one of the Commissioners of the Board of Longitude, for which every competent judge knew him to be wholly unfit. What was the return which he made for this indulgence? Little informed respecting the feelings of the Society, and probably misinformed by the party whose influence had placed him there, he saved them in the day of their peril. When the state of the Society had reached such a point that many of the more scientific members felt that some amendment was absolutely necessary to its respectability, a committee was formed to suggest to the Council such improvements as they might consider it expedient to discuss. [Amongst the names of the persons composing this Committee, which was proposed by Mr. South, were those of Dr. Wollaston and Mr. Herschel.] The Council received their report at the close of the session; and in recording it on the journals, they made an appeal to the Council for the ensuing year to bestow on it "THEIR EARLIEST AND MOST SERIOUS ATTENTION." Now when the party, to whose government some of these improvements would have been a death-warrant, found that the subject was likely to be taken up in the Council, they were in dismay: but the learned and grateful peer came to their assistance, and aided Mr. Davies Gilbert in getting rid of these improvements completely. It has been the fashion to maintain that all classes of the Royal Society should be represented in the Council, and consequently that a peer or two should find a place amongst them. Those who are most adverse to this doctrine would perhaps be the most anxious to render this tribute to any one really employing his time, his talents, or his rank in advancing the cause of science. But when a nobleman, unversed in our pursuits, will condescend to use the influence of his station in aiding a President to stifle, WITHOUT DISCUSSION, propositions recommended for consideration by some of the most highly gifted members of the Society,—those who doubt the propriety of the principle may reasonably be pardoned for the disgust they must necessarily entertain for the practical abuse to which it leads. Of the other three Commissioners, who received each a hundred a-year, although the nomination was, in point of form, in the Admiralty, yet it was well known that the President of the Royal Society did, in fact, always name them. Of these I will only mention one fact. The late Sir Joseph Banks assigned to me as a reason why I need not expect to be appointed, (as he had held out to me at a former period when I had spoken to him on the subject) that I had taken a prominent part in the formation of the ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY. I am proud of the part I did take in establishing that Society, although an undue share of its honour was assigned to me by the President. It may, perhaps, be inquired, why I publish this fact at this distance of time? I answer, that I stated it publicly at the Council of the Astronomical Society;—that I always talked of it publicly and openly at the time;—that I purposely communicated it to each succeeding President of the Royal Society; and that, although some may have forgotten the communications I made at the time, there are others who remember them well. The Secretary of the late Board of Longitude received 300L., and 200L. more, as Superintendent of the Nautical Almanac. Another situation, in the patronage of which the President is known to have considerable influence, is that of Astronomer Royal; and it is to be observed, that he is kept in the Council as much as possible, notwithstanding the nature of his duties. Of the three appointments of 100L. a-year each, which have been instituted since the abolition of the Board of Longitude, the President is supposed to have the control, thus making him quite sure of the obedience of his Council. Besides these sources of patronage, there are other incidental occasions on which Government apply to the Royal Society to recommend proper persons to make particular experiments or observations; and, although I am far from supposing that these are in many instances given to persons the second or third best qualified for them, yet they deserve to be mentioned. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (1998).Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of Its Causes. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1216/pg1216-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

OF THE CAUSES OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY.

On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures by Charles Babbage is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . On the Cost of Each Separate Process in a Manufacture here Chapter 21. On the Cost of Each Separate Process in a Manufacture The great competition introduced by machinery, and the application of the principle of the subdivision of labour, render it necessary for each producer to be continually on the watch, to discover improved methods by which the cost of the article he manufactures may be reduced; and, with this view, it is of great importance to know the precise expense of every process, as well as of the wear and tear of machinery which is due to it. The same information is desirable for those by whom the manufactured goods are distributed and sold; because it enables them to give reasonable answers or explanations to the objections of enquirers, and also affords them a better chance of suggesting to the manufacturer changes in the fashion of his goods, which may be suitable either to the tastes or to the finances of his customers. To the statesman such knowledge is still more important; for without it he must trust entirely to others, and can form no judgement worthy of confidence, of the effect any tax may produce, or of the injury the manufacturer or the country may suffer by its imposition. One of the first advantages which suggests itself as likely to arise from a correct analysis of the expense of the several processes of any manufacture, is the indication which it would furnish of the course in which improvement should be directed. If a method could be contrived of diminishing by one fourth the time required for fixing on the heads of pins, the expense of making them would be reduced about thirteen per cent; whilst a reduction of one half the time employed in spinning the coil of wire out of which the heads are cut, would scarcely make any sensible difference in the cost of manufacturing of the whole article. It is therefore obvious, that the attention would be much more advantageously directed to shortening the former than the latter process. The expense of manufacturing, in a country where machinery is of the rudest kind, and manual labour is very cheap, is curiously exhibited in the price of cotton cloth in the island of Java. The cotton, in the seed, is sold by the picul, which is a weight of about 133 lbs. Not above one fourth or one fifth of this weight, however, is cotton: the natives, by means of rude wooden rollers, can only separate about 1 1/4 lb. of cotton from the seed by one day's labour. A picul of cleansed cotton, therefore, is worth between four and five times the cost of the impure article; and the prices of the same substance, in its different stages of manufacture, are—for one picul: Dollars Cotton in the seed 2 to 3
Clean cotton 10 to 11
Cotton thread 24
Cotton thread dyed blue 35
Good ordinary cotton cloth 50 Thus it appears that the expense of spinning in Java is 117 per cent on the value of the raw material; the expense of dying thread blue is 45 per cent on its value; and that of weaving cotton thread into cloth 117 per cent on its value. The expense of spinning cotton into a fine thread is, in England, about 33 per cent. (1*) As an example of the cost of the different processes of a manufacture, perhaps an analytical statement of the expense of the volume now in the reader's hands may not be uninteresting; more especially as it will afford an insight into the nature and extent of the taxes upon literature. It is found economical to print it upon paper of a very large size, so that although thirty-two pages, instead of sixteen, are really contained in each sheet, this work is still called octavo. L s. d. To printer, for composing (per sheet of 32 pages) L3 1s. 10 1/2 sheets 32 0 6 [This relates to the ordinary size of the type used in the volume.] To printer for composing small type, as in extracts and 2 0 3
contents, extra per sheet, 3s. 10d.
To printer, for composing table work, extra per sheet, 2 17 9
5s. 6d.
Average charge for corrections, per sheet, L3 2s. 10d. 33 0 0
Press work, 3000 being printed off, per sheet, L3 10s. 36 15 0
Paper for 3000, at L1 11s. 6d. per ream, weighing 28 lbs: the
duty on paper at 3d. per lb. amounts to 7s. per ream, so that the
63 reams which are required for the work will cost:
Paper 77 3 6
Excise Duty 22 1 0
Total expense of paper 99 4 6
Total expense of printing and paper 205 18 0
Steel-plate for title-page 0 7 6
Engraving on ditto, Head of Bacon 2 2 0
Ditto letters 1 1 0
Total expense of title-page 3 10 6
Printing title-page, at 6s. per 100 9 0 0
Paper for ditto, at 1s. 9d. per 100 2 12 6
Expenses of advertising 40 0 0
Sundries. 5 0 0
Total expense in sheets 266 1 0 Cost of a single copy in sheets; 3052 being printed, including the overplus 0 1 9 Extra boarding 0 0 6 Cost of each copy, boarded(2*) 0 2 3 This analysis requires some explanation. The printer usually charges for composition by the sheet, supposing the type to be all of one kind; and as this charge is regulated by the size of the letter, on which the quantity in a sheet depends, little dispute can arise after the price is agreed upon. If there are but few extracts, or other parts of the work, which require to be printed in smaller type; or if there are many notes, or several passages in Greek, or in other languages, requiring a different type, these are considered in the original contract, and a small additional price per sheet allowed. If there is a large portion of small type, it is better to have a specific additional charge for it per sheet. If any work with irregular lines and many figures, and what the printers call rules, occurs, it is called table work, and is charged at an advanced price per sheet. Examples of this are frequent in the present volume. If the page consists entirely of figures, as in mathematical tables, which require very careful correction, the charge for composition is usually doubled. A few years ago I printed a table of logarithms, on a large-sized page, which required great additional labour and care from the readers,(3*) in rendering the proofs correct, and for which, although new punches were not required, several new types were prepared, and for which stereotype plates were cast, costing about L2 per sheet. In this case L11 per sheet were charged, although ordinary composition, with the same sized letter, in demy octavo, could have been executed at thirty-eight shillings per sheet: but as the expense was ascertained before commencing the work, it gave rise to no difficulties. The charge for corrections and alterations is one which, from the difficulty of measuring them, gives rise to the greatest inconvenience, and is as disagreeable to the publisher (if he be the agent between the author and the printer), and to the master printer or his foreman, as it is to the author himself. If the author study economy, he should make the whole of his corrections in the manuscript, and should copy it out fairly: it will then be printed correctly, and he will have little to pay for corrections. But it is scarcely possible to judge of the effect of any passage correctly, without having it set up in type; and there are few subjects, upon which an author does not find he can add some details or explanation, when he sees his views in print. If, therefore, he wish to save his own labour in transcribing, and to give the last polish to the language, he must be content to accomplish these objects at an increased expense. If the printer possess a sufficient stock of type, it will contribute still more to the convenience of the author to have his whole work put up in what are technically called slips,(4*) and then to make all the corrections, and to have as few revises as he can. The present work was set up in slips, but the corrections have been unusually large, and the revises frequent. The press work, or printing off, is charged at a price agreed upon for each two hundred and fifty sheets; and any broken number is still considered as two hundred and fifty. When a large edition is required, the price for two hundred and fifty is reduced; thus, in the present volume, two hundred and fifty copies, if printed alone, would have been charged eleven shillings per sheet, instead of 5s. 10d., the actual charge. The principle of this mode of charging is good, as it obviates all disputes; but it is to be regretted that the custom of charging the same price for any small number as for two hundred and fifty, is so pertinaciously adhered to, that the workmen will not agree to any other terms when only twenty or thirty copies are required, or even when only three or four are wanted for the sake of some experiment. Perhaps if all numbers above fifty were charged as two hundred and fifty, and all below as for half two hundred and fifty, both parties would derive an advantage. The effect of the excise duty is to render the paper thin, in order that it may weigh little; but this is counteracted by the desire of the author to make his book look as thick as possible, in order that he may charge the public as much as he decently can; and so on that ground alone the duty is of no importance. There is, however, another effect of this duty, which both the public and the author feel; for they pay, not merely the duty which is charged, but also the profit on that duty, which the paper-maker requires for the use of additional capital; and also the profit to the publisher and bookseller on the increased price of the volume. The estimated charge for advertisements is, in the present case, about the usual allowance for such a volume; and, as it is considered that advertisements in newspapers are the most effectual, where the smallest pays a duty of 3s. 6d., nearly one half of the charge of advertising is a tax. It appears then, that, to an expenditure of L224 necessary to produce the present volume, L42 are added in the shape of a direct tax. Whether the profits arising from such a mode of manufacturing will justify such a rate of taxation, can only be estimated when the returns from the volume are considered, a subject that will be discussed in a subsequent chapter.(5*) It is at present sufficient to observe, that the tax on advertisements is an impolitic tax when contrasted with that upon paper, and on other materials employed. The object of all advertisements is, by making known articles for sale, to procure for them a better price, if the sale is to be by auction; or a larger extent of sale if by retail dealers. Now the more any article is known, the more quickly it is discovered whether it contributes to the comfort or advantage of the public; and the more quickly its consumption is assured if it be found valuable. It would appear, then, that every tax on communicating information respecting articles which are the subjects of taxation in another shape, is one which must reduce the amount that would have been raised, had no impediment been placed in the way of making known to the public their qualities and their price. NOTES: These facts are taken from Crawford's Indian Archipelago. These charges refer to the edition prepared for the public, and do not relate to the large paper copies in the hands of some of the author's friends. Readers are persons employed to correct the press at the printing office. Slips are long pieces of paper on which sufficient matter is printed to form, when divided, from two to four pages of text. Chapter 31. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Charles Babbage (2003). On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4238/pg4238.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

On the Cost of Each Separate Process in a Manufacture

How are you, hacker?
🪐 has got you covered with fresh content from our trending stories of the day! Set email preference . Want to know what's trending right now?: The Techbeat by HackerNoon here The World Is Ready for a New Type of Operating System By [ 11 Min read ]
AI and the space industry point the way forward to rethink how we view operating systems. Can we free ourselves and redesign from the ground up? @metapunk Read More. Unveiling the Power of PM and P3M Algorithms on GPUs By [ 8 Min read ]
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The TechBeat: The World Is Ready for a New Type of Operating System (11/19/2023)

On War by Carl Von Clausewitz, is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book here . Ends in War More Precisely Defined (continued) Limited Object Book VIII: Chapter V. Ends in War More Precisely Defined (continued) Limited Object In the preceding chapter we have said that, under the expression “overthrow of the enemy,” we understand the real absolute aim of the “act of war;” now we shall see what remains to be done when the conditions under which this object might be attained do not exist. These conditions presuppose a great physical or moral superiority, or a great spirit of enterprise, an innate propensity to extreme hazards. Now where all this is not forthcoming, the aim in the act of war can only be of two kinds; either the conquest of some small or moderate portion of the enemy’s country, or the defence of our own until better times; this last is the usual case in defensive war. Whether the one or the other of these aims is of the right kind, can always be settled by calling to mind the expression used in reference to the last. The waiting till more favourable times implies that we have reason to expect such times hereafter, and this waiting for, that is, defensive war, is always based on this prospect; on the other hand, offensive war, that is, the taking advantage of the present moment, is always commanded when the future holds out a better prospect, not to ourselves, but to our adversary. The third case, which is probably the most common, is when neither party has anything definite to look for from the future, when therefore it furnishes no motive for decision. In this case, the offensive war is plainly imperative upon him who is politically the aggressor, that is, who has the positive motive; for he has taken up arms with that object, and every moment of time which is lost without any good reason, is so much lost time for him. We have here decided for offensive or defensive war on grounds which have nothing to do with the relative forces of the combatants respectively, and yet it may appear that it would be nearer right to make the choice of the offensive or defensive chiefly dependent on the mutual relations of combatants in point of military strength; our opinion is, that in doing so we should just leave the right road. The logical correctness of our simple argument no one will dispute; we shall now see whether in the concrete case it leads to the contrary. Let us suppose a small State which is involved in a contest with a very superior power, and foresees that with each year its position will become worse: should it not, if war is inevitable, make use of the time when its situation is furthest from the worst? Then it must attack, not because the attack in itself ensures any advantages—it will rather increase the disparity of forces—but because this State is under the necessity of either bringing the matter completely to an issue before the worst time arrives, or of gaining, at least, in the mean time, some advantages which it may hereafter turn to account. This theory cannot appear absurd. But if this small State is quite certain that the enemy will advance against it, then, certainly, it can and may make use of the defensive against its enemy to procure a first advantage; there is then at any rate no danger of losing time. If, again, we suppose a small State engaged in war with a greater, and that the future has no influence on their decisions, still, if the small State is politically the assailant, we demand of it also that it should go forward to its object. If it has had the audacity to propose to itself a positive end in the face of superior numbers, then it must also act, that is, attack the foe, if the latter does not save it the trouble. Waiting would be an absurdity; unless at the moment of execution it has altered its political resolution, a case which very frequently occurs, and contributes in no small degree to give wars an indefinite character. These considerations on the limited object apply to its connection both with offensive war and defensive war; we shall consider both in separate chapters. But we shall first turn our attention to another phase. Hitherto we have deduced the modifications in the object of war solely from intrinsic reasons. The nature of the political view (or design) we have only taken into consideration in so far as it is or is not directed at something positive. Everything else in the political design is in reality something extraneous to war; but in the second chapter of the first book (End and Means in War) we have already admitted that the nature of the political object, the extent of our own or the enemy’s demand, and our whole political relation practically have a most decisive influence on the conduct of the war, and we shall therefore devote the following chapter to that subject specially. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Carl von Clausewitz (2006). On War. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1946/pg1946-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org , located at https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html .

Ends in War More Precisely Defined (continued) Limited Object

Things To Make by Archibald Williams is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . A HOME-MADE PANTOGRAPH here XXXVI. A HOME-MADE PANTOGRAPH. The pantograph is a simple apparatus for copying drawings, maps, designs, etc., on a reduced or enlarged scale, or to the same size as the original. [Illustration: FIG. 186.—Details of simple pantograph.] A sketch of a pantograph is given in Fig. 186. Four rods are jointed together to form a parallelogram, the sides of which can be lengthened or shortened to suit the scale of reproduction. One is attached by a fixed pivot at a to the board on which the drawing is done. At b and e are removable pivots, used for adjusting the rods; at c is a pivot which projects an inch or so below the rods. The pointer is inserted at d for enlargement, or at f for reduction, the pencil being in the unoccupied hole at d or f. If a same-sized copy is desired, the fixed pivot is transferred to d, and the pencil and pointer placed at a and f respectively. Construction of an Enlarging and Reducing Pantograph.—Cut out of 1/8-inch oak, walnut, or beech four rods 5/8 inch wide and 19 inches long. Smooth them well all over, and make marks near the ends of each, exactly 18 inches apart. The graduation of the rods for the adjustment pivot holes is carried out in accordance with the measurements given in Fig. 187. It is advisable to mark out and bore each rod separately if you do not possess a machine which will drill holes quite perpendicularly; if you do, all four rods can be drilled at one operation. In Fig. 187 the lower row of numerals indicates the number of times (in diameters) the original is enlarged when all four holes similarly figured are used; the upper row, the size of the copy as compared with the original in case of reduction. If proportions other than those given are required, a very little calculation will locate the necessary holes. Pivots.—All the pivots must fit their holes accurately, as any looseness at the joints detracts from the truth of reproduction. For pivots band b and e may use brass screws and small pieces of hard wood as nuts to hold them in position. The nuts should screw on rather stiffly, and not be forced hard against the rods, as free motion with little friction at all joints is essential for good work. [Illustration: FIG. 187.—Diagram showing how to mark off pantograph rods. The dotted lines above rod give distances of holes from ends.] The fixed pivot at a may be merely the shank of a wire nail of the proper size driven into the board, a cork collar being slipped over it to keep the rod the proper distance from the board. For c use a screw to the head of which has been soldered half an inch of a round-headed brass nail, which will move easily over the paper. At d is needed a hollow pivot, fashioned out of a quarter of an inch of pencil-point protector or some other thin tube, burred over slightly at the ends so as not to fall out. The end of B at f has a slotted hole to grip the pencil or pointer, as the case may be. A Same-size Pantograph.—For making a same-size copy, tracing may be preferred to the use of a pantograph; but if a pantograph is adopted, a special apparatus may be constructed for the purpose. The arrangement is exactly the same as that already described, excepting that the only holes needed are those at a, c, d, f, at the middle points of the four rods, the parallelogram formed by the rods being equal-sided. The fixed pivot is situated at d, and pencil and pointer holes are made at a and f. Using the Pantograph.—When adjusting the instrument for reduction or enlargement, make sure that the adjustment pivots are in the holes corresponding with the scale. The fixed pivot, pointer, and pencil must be rigid, and, with pivot c, be of such a length that the pantograph as a whole moves parallel to the paper. A little sliding weight to place on the rod near the pencil will be found useful for keeping the pencil point in constant contact with the paper. If the apparatus works stiffly, ease the holes a trifle and lead-pencil the wood at all points where two surfaces rub. It is absolutely impossible to make a good reproduction with a stiff, jerky pantograph. To decide the positions of original and the paper for the copy, get the pointer centred on the original and adjust the paper till its centre is under the pencil. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Archibald Williams (2005). Things To Make. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14664/pg14664-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

A HOME-MADE PANTOGRAPH

MOLLY GIBSON TO THE RESCUE.

ONCE AND NOW.

122 Stories To Learn About Futurism

120 Stories To Learn About Future Technology

Let's learn about via these 33 free stories. They are ordered by most time reading created on HackerNoon. Visit the to find the most read stories about any technology. Smart Cities /Learn Repo 1. How Smart are our Homes Getting? Smart spaces will become an essential part of our lives, he says. Smart homes are changing our lives in the same way as wearable devices. 2. Micro Electric Vehicles and their Massive Advantages Over Standard EVs Companies around the world are developing smaller, more efficient electric cars that provide solutions to growing concerns within the standard EV market. 3. Smart Trains: A Long Journey to Transportation Revolution Smart cars might be the future, but what about high-speed smart trains? 4. 5 Reasons Our Cities Are Not Full of Autonomously Flying Drones (Yet!) We are slowly but surely moving towards a world where autonomous drones will play a major role. In this article, I will show you what stopes them today. 5. Building a Smart City with Smart Transportation Systems To achieve the smart cities of the future, government officials need to develop smart infrastructure to increase road and passenger safety. 6. 5 Intriguing Applications of Computer Vision in Smart Cities Computer vision will radically change smart technology. Here are five ways it's already impacting smart cities. 7. How Technology Can Help Make Sustainable Cities As the global population continues to grow exponentially, the number of people living in urban areas is growing the fastest. With over 50% of the world’s population currently living in major cities, and an anticipated 2.4 billion more over the next 30 years, the term ‘megacity’ has been created to describe the urban metropolises of the future. 8. We Will Soon Enter the 5G Revolution Since 2009, 4G has been an essential technology in our hyperconnected world, enabling our handsets to consume and produce multimedia, browse the majority of internet web sites, and run awesome apps. But these features have been evolving towards more and more data consumption rates, because hardware resources like CPU, memory and screens allowed them to process large amounts of data. 9. Smart Cities Raise Data Privacy Concerns Should you be excited about smart cities or concerned about your privacy and data? I go through three of the ten privacy principles (PIPEDA) and their effects. 10. Using IoT to Solve Housing Problems and Improve Safety IoT can help manage air quality and emissions at industrial sites, improve control over electricity, water, and heat meters, and more. 11. What AI Advancements Will Mean for Our Daily Lives in 2021 AI arguably dates to the 1950s when Alan Turning invented the Turing Test. This was essentially a machine that could think for itself. Fast forward 70 years and if sci-fi thrillers made throughout the years are anything to go by, the world is overrun by robots and human beings are now servants to the machined man. 12. Are Smart Cities a Threat to Data Privacy? For smart cities to function, they must collect data. But is that good for citizens? Is true data privacy achievable for smart cities? 13. The Automotive Industry Continues to Widen its Connectivity The Future Is Now 14. AI-enabled Smart Cities: What to Get Right Data is the foundation of smart cities. However, to deliver the right solutions, planners must establish sustainable data and AI technology policies. 15. How Are Smart Cities Made 'Smart': Top 6 Enabling Technologies The ultimate goal of smart cities is to improve citizens’ quality of life, reduce the cost of living and attain a sustainable environment through technology. 16. Eco-Big Data Applications in the City: Cleaning Up with IoT and ML Digitalization is possible not only in enterprises. Digital transformation is catching up even with cities to make them more convenient for residents and less harmful to the planet. How to quickly monitor garbage cans, the state of forest parks, cycling and air purity with the help of big data, machine learning and the Internet of things? 17. The 23rd Century: Enter the Smart City While it is easy to visualize a smartphone, a smart TV, or even a smart car — the quintessential 23rd Century smart city might largely elicit confusion from the public. 18. How to Determine the Relative Smartness Level of a City To determine the relative smartness level of a city, there are several indicators that have been defined to arrive as such a number. These indicators, among many others, are: 19. Is "Society 5.0" Supplementing AI as Technology's Latest and Greatest Snake Oil? Photo Credit, Jeremy Weate 20. How Local Governments are Future-Proofing their Urban Centres with Blockchain Technology Nearly two thirds of the global population are city-dwellers. Urbanization, whilst generally associated with increased standards of living, better job opportunities, and access to critical services like healthcare, is intertwined with rapid industrialization, which puts tremendous pressure on environmental resources. 21. How IoT Technology Helps Cities to Focus on People As cities are concentrating the largest part of the world’s population, they face challenges that have never existed before. Evolution of smart cities from basic infrastructure elements to a comfortable urban ecosystem supports citizens throughout their lives and raises new concerns. 22. Is AI the Best Solution for Crowd Management? We increasingly use technology for a broad variety of purposes. One new purpose has been to manage crowds in crowded events to streamline the experience. 23. The Birth of a New Niche — Smart Cities By 2050, 66% of the world’s inhabitants will live in cities. Rapid urbanization entails global challenges, such as air pollution, power shortages, clean drinking water, and overpopulation. The demand from cities for technological solutions to these problems now makes up a global market of $1.5 trillion in value. 24. Understanding Usage Control in Smart Cities: Smart Health Use Case Usage control provides fine grained access to data and resources through restricting access to smart health resources. 25. Life in Smart Cities: Your Walk in the Park isn't Private Anymore Access control ensures authorized access to the city's municipalities, which is critical for ensuring the security of smart cities. 26. How Swarm Intelligence-Powered Vehicles and Smart Cities can Help Streamline Traffic Given the advent of autonomous cars and their growing penetration in the transportation market, it is empirical that companies consider using Swarm Intelligence to tackle traffic and make the daily commute a lot more pleasant for billions around the world. 27. Building Robots for Smarter Cities: How the Manufacturing Process is Everything Hardware is seeing a resurgence and exponential innovation similar to the software boom a decade ago. And as a robotic delivery company founded in 2017, we have been navigating the manufacturing world and hardware revolution, picking up product design and smart tips along the way. [28. Edge Computing Is So Fun - Part 2: The Future  Begins with The Road Side Unit](https://hackernoon.com/edge-computing-is-so-fun-part-2-the-future-begins-with-the-road-side-unit-4ls3wrp) This is the second in a series of articles on edge computing, delving into the infrastructure of outdoor edge computing, the emergence of the Roadside Unit as a common building block, a real-life example of the Roadside Unit, and the way forward. 29. Digital Dystopia as a Panopticon Model of Society Much has been written about the mechanisms of social control that have appeared in China since 2010. And especially many publications are devoted to the emerging system of social credit, which will allow monitoring and regulate the behavior of citizens, which later transforms into a system of social rating. 30. Understanding Data Usage Control in a Smart City Learn how data usage can be controlled in smart cities? 31. Art + Science + Scripture = Bible Math This science/scripture/art article known as Bible Math came about in a most-riveting, creative, and spiritual way. For over two decades, I have been leading weekly Bible Discussion Groups and studying the Bible with people on an individual mentoring level. In the course of these spiritual adventures, as part of the City of Angels International Christian Church, I am typically delighted to share the gospel with all who are willing to listen and put the word of God into practice. Such delight is especially true of the following mathematics-focused Bible study. [32. Edge Computing Is So Fun Part 3: Help Save The Planet With Smart Cities](https://hackernoon.com/edge-computing-is-so-fun-part-3-help-save-the-planet-with-smart-cities-n5143e85) Figure 1. Singapore was ranked №1 on the Institute for Management Development’s 2020 Smart City Index Report. Credit: International Case Studies of Smart Cities 33. Why SigFox is Not a Good Option for Connected Street-Lighting SigFox has notable data size limitations; while it can be good for several IoT applications, it limits the smart street lighting E2E capabilities. Thank you for checking out the 33 most read stories about Smart Cities on HackerNoon. to find the most read stories about any technology. Visit the /Learn Repo

33 Stories To Learn About Smart Cities

How are you, hacker?
🪐 has got you covered with fresh content from our top 5 stories of the day, every day at noon your local time! Set email preference . What's happening in tech this week: The Noonification by HackerNoon here The World Is Ready for a New Type of Operating System By [ 11 Min read ]
AI and the space industry point the way forward to rethink how we view operating systems. Can we free ourselves and redesign from the ground up? @metapunk Read More. Unveiling the Power of PM and P3M Algorithms on GPUs By [ 8 Min read ]
Exploring PM and P3M algorithms on GPUs, highlighting efficient astrophysical simulations and performance benchmarks across various processors. @resetius Read More. Behavioral Economics and Product Management: Enhancing Decision-Making and User Experience By [ 8 Min read ]
Explore the fascinating intersection of Behavioral Economics and Product Management in this comprehensive study. @marilukina Read More. Why Predictability Trumps Velocity in Software Engineering By [ 4 Min read ]
In Agile software development, the focus on velocity can lead to problems if not balanced correctly. @davydov Read More. Smart Contract Optimization: How to Use Less Gas in Ethereum By [ 5 Min read ]
Learn how to optimize gas usage in Ethereum smart contracts to reduce costs and enhance efficiency. @iamshvetsov Read More. Building Robust Cloud Infrastructure with Python and Terraform By [ 16 Min read ]
In this practical guide, we will explore hands-on examples of leveraging Python and Terraform to tackle real-world cloud infrastructure challenges. @mitiaev00 Read More. You are Not Learning Alone: a Structured Guide for Cybersecurity Beginners By [ 12 Min read ]
Embark on your cybersecurity journey with this comprehensive guide. From leveraging practical-led training and exploring free tools to finding a mentor online. @davidecarmeci Read More. How to Implement a Merkle Tree in Solidity By [ 5 Min read ]
Without Merkle trees, blockchains would be too cumbersome, and Merkle proofs allow for cost-effective verification of data authenticity. Solidity Now! 🧑‍💻 What happened in your world this week?It's been said that , , . Feeling stuck? We got you covered ⬇️⬇️⬇️ We hope you enjoy this worth of free reading material. Feel free to forward this email to a nerdy friend who'll love you for it.See you on Planet Internet! With love,
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The Noonification: How to Implement a Merkle Tree in Solidity (11/19/2023)

"I WILL NOT GO TO LOUGHLINTER."

Perspectives Can Be Your Shortcut to Google's Front Page Without Traditional SEO Hassle In the last few days, I've been rigorously testing Google’s Perspectives tab - a new feature that boldly to ' ’ claims bring diverse voices to search. The drive behind my deep dive was pretty pragmatic. I wanted to figure out if Perspectives could be a shortcut for brands and content creators to Google’s traffic, bypassing the standard heavy SEO grind. And if that’s the case, how do we optimize for them? Since Google over 90% of the global online search market, we have solid reasons to look at its Perspectives closely. dominates Below are the key findings and thoughts on that. What Is the Perspectives Tab? As Google states on its , Perspectives aims to help users 'learn from others' unique experiences.'  And they consistently emphasize “ ” whenever discussing this feature. blog human experience Keep this in mind: if you plan to optimize for the Perspectives tab, your content should focus on how you 'touched and tested' the topic, rather than just generally covering it. I'll delve more into optimization strategies below. Now, let's return to the essence of Perspectives. The idea behind this filter is to uncover "hidden gem" content, which may not be easily found online, and bring it to the forefront of search results. In fact, the Perspectives tab is a response to a particular user search behavior known as the “ .” This involves users adding 'Reddit' to their queries to bypass unhelpful SEO-optimized fluff and find valuable human insights. Reddit trick So now, with Perspectives, users have access to such insights shared beyond just Reddit. Visually, the tab resembles a Pinterest board linking to various types of content and channels: YouTube and TikTok videos, forums (Reddit and Quora), personal blogs, and websites. IMO, it somewhat resembles an online casino. Though this is subjective. So far, Perspectives is only available on mobile devices, but Google plans to introduce it on soon as well. s desktop The Key Benefit of the Perspectives Tab for Brands and Content Creators Ranking on Perspectives can propel your content onto Google's first SERP (search engine results page), sidestepping the traditional SEO grind. That’s what I believe is the main value in showing up on this filter. Here's how it works: Google plans to integrate top Perspectives content directly into the main organic search results. This will create a dedicated section on the SERP, aptly named… Perspectives 😂. Here’s what Google about it: says You can access this content (i.e., Perspectives filter) through a dedicated Perspectives section that may appear on the results page. By tapping the “See more” link, you can access the full page of Perspectives content that you would by using the filter. Feeling a bit lost in this 'Perspectives kaleidoscope'? 🥴 That's understandable. Initially, there was even a third type of Perspectives, but it seems to have been phased out for now. To simplify, let’s differentiate between the two main types: The Perspectives Tab (or filter), which we’ve already explored, and the Perspectives Carousel, which appears directly on the SERP. Perspectives Tab vs Perspectives Carousel - What’s the Difference? I asked the SGE bot, the main hero of Google's upcoming transformation, for clarification. AI Search It responded 🤖: From this AI's typical fluffy answer, combined with what I've gleaned from Google's blog, it's evident that both the Perspectives Tab and Carousel serve the same purpose: showcasing human-generated, experience-rich content. However, the key difference is where and how they’re nestled on the search page. Take the Perspectives Tab. It’s a small blink filter (see the screenshot above) that sometimes pops up front and center above the search bar, other times tucked away at the far right. Finding and tapping it requires extra effort from a user. In our fast-paced, easily distracted world, it's not the most attention-grabbing feature. But Perspectives Carousel is a different story. When top results from the Tab suddenly pop up in the Carousel, they're hard to miss (see the gif below). Here, content is showcased prominently, making it a potential hotspot for traffic. That is why this whole Perspectives game is worth the effort. Here’s what the Carousel is supposed to look like on SERP (still in testing). Next, onto the optimization part. How to Optimize for Google Perspectives? Launched in June 2023, Google Perspectives is still pretty new. Apparently, there isn't much data yet to discuss the best strategies. However, this doesn't stop us from exploring and understanding its nuances. After testing out Perspectives myself, below are some thoughts on how to approach it effectively. 1) Ensure Your Content Aligns With ‘Eligible’ Queries In my tests, I've noticed that the Perspectives tab usually pops up for most queries, but with some exceptions. Let’s call them ' ' queries. non-eligible They tend to fall under the , as outlined in Google's E-E-A-T guidelines (more on E-E-A-T is detailed below). Your Money or Your Life (YMYL) topics But with a surprising carve out, that IMO goes against logic. Let me explain. Google defines the YMYL topics as those that could significantly impact health, financial stability, safety, or societal welfare. Because of this exact impact, Google demands sources covering these topics to demonstrate heightened trustworthiness compared to non-YMYL content. So I’ve explored how the Perspectives tab responds to every YMYL category. Here’s what I found: a) The entire health domain, including unconventional healing, doesn't appear on the Perspectives tab No matter how hard I went on tweaking my queries. Here's an example of how Perspectives rejects my timeless weekend health query: Understandable. The impact of bad advice can be really detrimental. BUT b) Money-related queries, such as those about crypto, passive income, quick profits, and other scam-prone topics, are frequently featured on Perspectives** This is perplexing 🤔 Following the YMYL narrative, apparently money content shouldn’t be there. What’s more, while scrolling through ‘crypto and profits’ perspectives, I came across a bunch of dudes barely in their 20s. Some of them claim to have 'REAL experience' in successful investing and creating multiple passive income streams. How does Google ascertain the credibility of such experiences? c) The remaining YMYL topics - such as stability, safety, and societal welfare (including politics) - don't feature in Perspectives. I won't delve deep into these, as they're seldom the focus of brand or creator promotions. My checks confirmed their absence. So, to summarize: Perspectives seems to largely bypass YMYL topics, except the ‘your money’ ones… Which is weird. 2) Audit the Top-Ranking Content on Perspectives Around Your Niche Suppose you're promoting a ghostwriting service. Start by searching for a broad term like 'ghostwriting' to spot the top-performing subtopics. You will see subtopics: How to start How to make money How to hire, etc. It’s noteworthy that some of the top-ranking perspectives don’t necessarily boast high engagement (like a significant number of likes or views). To optimize, focus on these popular subtopics. Your goal should be to craft content that is more in-depth, refined, and updated than what's currently ranking. In marketing, it's always beneficial to draw inspiration from successful examples and then enhance upon them. 3) Identify Relevant Channels Using our ghostwriting example - most top-ranking perspectives appear on platforms like Quora and YouTube. Therefore, it makes sense to focus your efforts on these platforms. For other niches, channels might be different. So, the goal here is to identify which channels frequently appear in Perspectives for your targeted queries and publish your content exactly there. Demonstrate E-E-A-T in Your Content Simply put, is a set of Google’s principles to define the trustworthiness of content, so it may rank it. E-E-A-T The letters stand for Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, and Trustworthiness. Now, let’s break them down, and see how you could demonstrate them in your content. Experience Refers to the author's direct, hands-on familiarity with the subject. To showcase this, illustrate in your content how you've personally tested the product or service in question. Share stories of attracting a group of testers and their feedback. Support your narrative with relevant images and videos that evidence your practical engagement with the topic. The key is to underscore that you've really practiced your subject, rather than just learning about it from books. Expertise Represents the author's depth of knowledge and skill in a specific area. To demonstrate expertise, reference authoritative sources and highlight the thorough research behind your work. You can further enhance your credibility by obtaining a 'reviewed' tag from an established expert or by collaborating with them on your content piece. Authoritativeness Authoritativeness is about being recognized as a go-to source for a particular topic. To achieve this, it's crucial to consistently focus on and produce content related to that topic, talking about it extensively. This is why the current trend of an anti-niche strategy might hinder your ranking in Perspectives. I personally love the anti-niche, but Google doesn’t. Trustworthiness Trustworthiness is the cornerstone of the E-E-A-T framework. It implies the credibility and reliability of both the content and the content creator. Trustworthiness underscores the necessity of presenting information that's accurate, free from deception, and transparent. To showcase it, be open about your background, share your personal stories, and provide contact details (excluding your home address, of course). Introduce your team and ensure easy ways to connect. Transparency is a sure sign that you’re trustworthy. Another key element is how you handle user feedback. Encourage it, engage actively, and address both compliments and critiques thoughtfully. Responding considerately to criticism demonstrates that you're attentive, mature, and committed to getting things right. 5) Avoid Being Overly Controversial (Yeah, That’s Weird) As someone who still harbors a teenage rebel's spirit at 36, I personally hate this tip. But unfortunately, Google’s algorithms don’t care much about our individual preferences. To rank well on Perspectives, content should be accurate and align with Google's standards. This often means corroborating your views with authoritative sources and experts. When your take is too far off the mainstream, backing it up becomes challenging, affecting both credibility and social engagement metrics (likes and shares). So, the trick is to strike a balance: be unique and original, but not too fringe. On the other hand, Perspectives isn't the only way to reach your audience. There are plenty of alternative paths to find your audience without compromising your strong distinct identity. 6) Optimize Your Visuals and Thumbnails for the Platforms Where You Create This is self-evident. But throwing this one for the completeness of the checklist. 7) Promote and Cross-Promote Your Content Another piece of clear-cut wisdom: The more social signals (likes, shares, comments) your content generates, the more it's favored by algorithms. Wrapping It Up I firmly believe that brands and content creators should seriously start tapping into Google Perspectives. Its potential to catapult your content to the front page of Google - the heart of global organic traffic - makes it an opportunity too significant to ignore. Plus, moving up in the Perspectives rankings doesn't involve the usual intensive SEO hassle typical of Google. More visibility with less effort – an offer too tempting to pass up, right? More on the future of search in the next issues of my newsletter, . If you enjoyed it, make sure to sign up. AImplifier Feel free to share your thoughts or correct me. And if you're interested in collaborating on the next piece, I'm open. I'd also love to connect on and LinkedIn . Twitter Thanks for reading! Your time and attention are priceless. ❤️

The is an opinion piece based on the author’s POV and does not necessarily reflect the views of HackerNoon.

Walkthroughs, tutorials, guides, and tips. This story will teach you how to do something new or how to do something better.

Google Perspectives: A New Opportunity to Maximize Your Brand Exposure 

The Way We Live Now by Anthony Trollope is part of the HackerNoon Books Series. You can jump to any chapter in this book . HETTA'S SORROW here HETTA'S SORROW. When Hetta Carbury received that letter from her lover which was given to the reader some chapters back, it certainly did not tend in any way to alleviate her misery. Even when she had read it over half-a-dozen times, she could not bring herself to think it possible that she could be reconciled to the man. It was not only that he had sinned against her by giving his society to another woman to whom he had at any rate been engaged not long since, at the very time at which he was becoming engaged to her,—but also that he had done this in such a manner as to make his offence known to all her friends. Perhaps she had been too quick;—but there was the fact that with her own consent she had acceded to her mother's demand that the man should be rejected. The man had been rejected, and even Roger Carbury knew that it was so. After this it was, she thought, impossible that she should recall him. But they should all know that her heart was unchanged. Roger Carbury should certainly know that, if he ever asked her further question on the matter. She would never deny it; and though she knew that the man had behaved badly,—having entangled himself with a nasty American woman,—yet she would be true to him as far as her own heart was concerned. And now he told her that she had been most unjust to him. He said that he could not understand her injustice. He did not fill his letter with entreaties, but with reproaches. And certainly his reproaches moved her more than any prayer would have done. It was too late now to remedy the evil; but she was not quite sure within her own bosom that she had not been unjust to him. The more she thought of it the more puzzled her mind became. Had she quarrelled with him because he had once been in love with Mrs. Hurtle, or because she had grounds for regarding Mrs. Hurtle as her present rival? She hated Mrs. Hurtle, and she was very angry with him in that he had ever been on affectionate terms with a woman she hated;—but that had not been the reason put forward by her for quarrelling with him. Perhaps it was true that he, too, had of late loved Mrs. Hurtle hardly better than she did herself. It might be that he had been indeed constrained by hard circumstances to go with the woman to Lowestoft. Having so gone with her, it was no doubt right that he should be rejected;—for how can it be that a man who is engaged shall be allowed to travel about the country with another woman to whom also he was engaged a few months back? But still there might be hardship in it. To her, to Hetta herself, the circumstances were very hard. She loved the man with all her heart. She could look forward to no happiness in life without him. But yet it must be so. At the end of his letter he had told her to go to Mrs. Hurtle herself if she wanted corroboration of the story as told by him. Of course he had known when he wrote it that she could not and would not go to Mrs. Hurtle. But when the letter had been in her possession three or four days,—unanswered, for, as a matter of course, no answer to it from herself was possible,—and had been read and re-read till she knew every word of it by heart, she began to think that if she could hear the story as it might be told by Mrs. Hurtle, a good deal that was now dark might become light to her. As she continued to read the letter, and to brood over it all, by degrees her anger was turned from her lover to her mother, her brother, and to her cousin Roger. Paul had of course behaved badly, very badly,—but had it not been for them she might have had an opportunity of forgiving him. They had driven her on to the declaration of a purpose from which she could now see no escape. There had been a plot against her, and she was a victim. In the first dismay and agony occasioned by that awful story of the American woman,—which had, at the moment, struck her with a horror which was now becoming less and less every hour,—she had fallen head foremost into the trap laid for her. She acknowledged to herself that it was too late to recover her ground. She was, at any rate, almost sure that it must be too late. But yet she was disposed to do battle with her mother and her cousin in the matter—if only with the object of showing that she would not submit her own feelings to their control. She was savage to the point of rebellion against all authority. Roger Carbury would of course think that any communication between herself and Mrs. Hurtle must be most improper,—altogether indelicate. Two or three days ago she thought so herself. But the world was going so hard with her, that she was beginning to feel herself capable of throwing propriety and delicacy to the winds. This man whom she had once accepted, whom she altogether loved, and who, in spite of all his faults, certainly still loved her,—of that she was beginning to have no further doubt,—accused her of dishonesty, and referred her to her rival for a corroboration of his story. She would appeal to Mrs. Hurtle. The woman was odious, abominable, a nasty intriguing American female. But her lover desired that she should hear the woman's story; and she would hear the story,—if the woman would tell it. So resolving, she wrote as follows to Mrs. Hurtle, finding great difficulty in the composition of a letter which should tell neither too little nor too much, and determined that she would be restrained by no mock modesty, by no girlish fear of declaring the truth about herself. The letter at last was stiff and hard, but it sufficed for its purpose. Madam,— Mr. Paul Montague has referred me to you as to certain circumstances which have taken place between him and you. It is right that I should tell you that I was a short time since engaged to marry him, but that I have found myself obliged to break off that engagement in consequence of what I have been told as to his acquaintance with you. I make this proposition to you, not thinking that anything you will say to me can change my mind, but because he has asked me to do so, and has, at the same time, accused me of injustice towards him. I do not wish to rest under an accusation of injustice from one to whom I was once warmly attached. If you will receive me, I will make it my business to call any afternoon you may name. Yours truly, Henrietta Carbury. When the letter was written she was not only ashamed of it, but very much afraid of it also. What if the American woman should put it in a newspaper! She had heard that everything was put into newspapers in America. What if this Mrs. Hurtle should send back to her some horribly insolent answer;—or should send such answer to her mother, instead of herself! And then, again, if the American woman consented to receive her, would not the American woman, as a matter of course, trample upon her with rough words? Once or twice she put the letter aside, and almost determined that it should not be sent;—but at last, with desperate fortitude, she took it out with her and posted it herself. She told no word of it to any one. Her mother, she thought, had been cruel to her, had disregarded her feelings, and made her wretched for ever. She could not ask her mother for sympathy in her present distress. There was no friend who would sympathise with her. She must do everything alone. Mrs. Hurtle, it will be remembered, had at last determined that she would retire from the contest and own herself to have been worsted. It is, I fear, impossible to describe adequately the various half resolutions which she formed, and the changing phases of her mind before she brought herself to this conclusion. And soon after she had assured herself that this should be the conclusion,—after she had told Paul Montague that it should be so,—there came back upon her at times other half resolutions to a contrary effect. She had written a letter to the man threatening desperate revenge, and had then abstained from sending it, and had then shown it to the man,—not intending to give it to him as a letter upon which he would have to act, but only that she might ask him whether, had he received it, he would have said that he had not deserved it. Then she had parted with him, refusing either to hear or to say a word of farewell, and had told Mrs. Pipkin that she was no longer engaged to be married. At that moment everything was done that could be done. The game had been played and the stakes lost,—and she had schooled herself into such restraint as to have abandoned all idea of vengeance. But from time to time there arose in her heart a feeling that such softness was unworthy of her. Who had ever been soft to her? Who had spared her? Had she not long since found out that she must fight with her very nails and teeth for every inch of ground, if she did not mean to be trodden into the dust? Had she not held her own among rough people after a very rough fashion, and should she now simply retire that she might weep in a corner like a love-sick schoolgirl? And she had been so stoutly determined that she would at any rate avenge her own wrongs, if she could not turn those wrongs into triumph! There were moments in which she thought that she could still seize the man by the throat, where all the world might see her, and dare him to deny that he was false, perjured, and mean. Then she received a long passionate letter from Paul Montague, written at the same time as those other letters to Roger Carbury and Hetta, in which he told her all the circumstances of his engagement to Hetta Carbury, and implored her to substantiate the truth of his own story. It was certainly marvellous to her that the man who had so long been her own lover and who had parted with her after such a fashion should write such a letter to her. But it had no tendency to increase either her anger or her sorrow. Of course she had known that it was so, and at certain times she had told herself that it was only natural,—had almost told herself that it was right. She and this young Englishman were not fit to be mated. He was to her thinking a tame, sleek household animal, whereas she knew herself to be wild,—fitter for the woods than for polished cities. It had been one of the faults of her life that she had allowed herself to be bound by tenderness of feeling to this soft over-civilised man. The result had been disastrous, as might have been expected. She was angry with him,—almost to the extent of tearing him to pieces,—but she did not become more angry because he wrote to her of her rival. Her only present friend was Mrs. Pipkin, who treated her with the greatest deference, but who was never tired of asking questions about the lost lover. "That letter was from Mr. Montague?" said Mrs. Pipkin on the morning after it had been received. "How can you know that?" "I'm sure it was. One does get to know handwritings when letters come frequent." "It was from him. And why not?" "Oh dear no;—why not certainly? I wish he'd write every day of his life, so that things would come round again. Nothing ever troubles me so much as broken love. Why don't he come again himself, Mrs. Hurtle?" "It is not at all likely that he should come again. It is all over, and there is no good in talking of it. I shall return to New York on Saturday week." "Oh, Mrs. Hurtle!" "I can't remain here, you know, all my life doing nothing. I came over here for a certain purpose, and that has—gone by. Now I may just go back again." "I know he has ill-treated you. I know he has." "I am not disposed to talk about it, Mrs. Pipkin." "I should have thought it would have done you good to speak your mind out free. I know it would me if I'd been served in that way." "If I had anything to say at all after that fashion it would be to the gentleman, and not to any other else. As it is I shall never speak of it again to any one. You have been very kind to me, Mrs. Pipkin, and I shall be sorry to leave you." "Oh, Mrs. Hurtle, you can't understand what it is to me. It isn't only my feelings. The likes of me can't stand by their feelings only, as their betters do. I've never been above telling you what a godsend you've been to me this summer;—have I? I've paid everything, butcher, baker, rates and all, just like clockwork. And now you're going away!" Then Mrs. Pipkin began to sob. "I suppose I shall see Mr. Crumb before I go," said Mrs. Hurtle. "She don't deserve it; do she? And even now she never says a word about him that I call respectful. She looks on him as just being better than Mrs. Buggins's children. That's all." "She'll be all right when he has once got her home." "And I shall be all alone by myself," said Mrs. Pipkin, with her apron up to her eyes. It was after this that Mrs. Hurtle received Hetta's letter. She had as yet returned no answer to Paul Montague,—nor had she intended to send any written answer. Were she to comply with his request she could do so best by writing to the girl who was concerned rather than to him. And though she wrote no such letter she thought of it,—of the words she would use were she to write it, and of the tale which she would have to tell. She sat for hours thinking of it, trying to resolve whether she would tell the tale,—if she told it at all,—in a manner to suit Paul's purpose, or so as to bring that purpose utterly to shipwreck. She did not doubt that she could cause the shipwreck were she so minded. She could certainly have her revenge after that fashion. But it was a woman's fashion, and, as such, did not recommend itself to Mrs. Hurtle's feelings. A pistol or a horsewhip, a violent seizing by the neck, with sharp taunts and bitter-ringing words, would have made the fitting revenge. If she abandoned that she could do herself no good by telling a story of her wrongs to another woman. Then came Hetta's note, so stiff, so cold, so true,—so like the letter of an Englishwoman, as Mrs. Hurtle said to herself. Mrs. Hurtle smiled as she read the letter. "I make this proposition not thinking that anything you can say to me can change my mind." Of course the girl's mind would be changed. The girl's mind, indeed, required no change. Mrs. Hurtle could see well enough that the girl's heart was set upon the man. Nevertheless she did not doubt but that she could tell the story after such a fashion as to make it impossible that the girl should marry him,—if she chose to do so. At first she thought that she would not answer the letter at all. What was it to her? Let them fight their own lovers' battles out after their own childish fashion. If the man meant at last to be honest, there could be no doubt, Mrs. Hurtle thought, that the girl would go to him. It would require no interference of hers. But after a while she thought that she might as well see this English chit who had superseded herself in the affections of the Englishman she had condescended to love. And if it were the case that all revenge was to be abandoned, that no punishment was to be exacted in return for all the injury that had been done, why should she not say a kind word so as to smooth away the existing difficulties? Wild cat as she was, kindness was more congenial to her nature than cruelty. So she wrote to Hetta making an appointment. Dear Miss Carbury,— If you could make it convenient to yourself to call here either Thursday or Friday at any hour between two and four, I shall be very happy to see you. Yours sincerely, Winifred Hurtle. About HackerNoon Book Series: We bring you the most important technical, scientific, and insightful public domain books. This book is part of the public domain. Anthony Trollope (2004). The Way We Live Now. Urbana, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved October 2022 https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5231/pg5231-images.html This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at , located at . www.gutenberg.org https://www.gutenberg.org/policy/license.html

HETTA'S SORROW

You heard it here first: as cities around the world , street poles will emerge as a crucial infrastructure element. Obviously, smart street poles are less appealing to the masses than flying cars and holographic adverts. The pragmatics among us will nevertheless realize how ubiquitous they are today, and how important they will soon come to be — in a boring, predictable, yet futuristic / SciFi way. embrace new technologies and become more efficient, sustainable, and livable These seemingly mundane objects will serve as a hub for a wide range of applications, from traffic management and public safety to environmental monitoring and energy efficiency. As such, it’s important to understand what they are, as well as their benefits and drawbacks. smart city What’s Smart Street Pole, and why are they important? An intelligent street pole is, in essence, a lamppost that’s been pimped out to host a variety of connected objects devices), including cameras, sensors and display screens — all of which have gotten rather cheap over the past decade. It obviously also provides light to its environment, though that’s often forgotten in the existing literature on the topic. (IoT Using these connected objects, smart poles will be able to support a wide variety of tasks. 5G network backbone 5G is needed to make much of the . It however uses higher frequency waves than 4G. These waves don’t travel very far (comparatively) and can’t go through walls as easily. So we need more antennas than we have today to make sure that these waves can reach everywhere. Only the can everyone get super-fast internet without interruptions. Street poles are the perfect objects to house 5G antennas (to a certain extent). No smart poles, no city of the future! City of Future happen EV charging Another City of the Future staple is electric cars. They are, however, power-hungry, and charging stations are not as dense in cities as they should be, given EV’s lower range compared to their polluting cousins. By using street poles as charging stations, we will dramatically increase the EV charging infrastructure and reduce the “ ” that often keeps consumers from making the switch to electric vehicles. range anxiety Air / sound quality analysis Sensors at every corner of a city could help government officials analyze the quality of life at a very granular level. Ideally, this would help us identify where noise is (and thus productivity), and where heightened pollution may be . This of course could be weaponized… but ? costing people precious sleep harming children when has the government ever enacted harmful, neighbourhood-specific policies targeted at specific populations Localisation/tourism A precisely localized sensor, matched with a screen, could be a lifesaver for many tourists. Additionally, since the poles can provide internet access, they could be used to inform or direct tourists and locals alike. Many travelers would benefit from knowing where the nearest grocery store is without having to go to a Starbucks for Wifi. Security notifications Finally, cameras equipped with computer vision algorithms and send notifications to law enforcement when such events are identified. It could also be used for crowd control, by identifying potentially dangerous behaviors and automatically communicating with people’s smartphones. This is of course very Orwellian and should be seriously questioned/audited (hint: it won’t be). Another less nefarious use case is the use of sensors to light up paths when someone comes near them, saving energy and increasing security. could easily identify crime Who would own Smart Street Poles? Smart Street Poles will become valuable real estate, as their prime location and ability to interconnect many sensors will avoid multiple installations and provide cost efficiencies for smart city operators. Though this infrastructure would be controlled and monitored by a single operator (the state?), the many corporations vying to operate many services in the space will likely make this difficult. ideally What’s most likely to happen is that many different operators will emerge. Public actors, always eager to cut costs, will be happy to let private companies have a crack at operating part of their pole park. They will be deployed in parking garages. They will become part of smart real estate developments. They will be used by retailers to attract, and communicate with, potential clients. By 2040, most curbs will be privatized. Who knew a dystopia could be so boring? Nevertheless, private actors would be wise to understand that their business can only be enhanced by data exchanges between ecosystem partners; EV charging times, matched with location and browsing history could be very attractive to advertisers, for example. Issues With Smart Street Poles I can identify three critical issues that will emerge from the creation and implementation of Smart Street Poles; all of which will slow down their adoption. Lack of ownership clarity As highlighted above, if everyone owns a street pole, no one owns it. Nothing will get done, and it will go down as a good idea poorly executed. Issues around the management of assets mounted on poles, together with maintenance, data orchestration, and cybersecurity need to be addressed to enable scalability and drive adoption. Cybersecurity Operators will need to enforce digital security at three levels: the pole level, the transmission level, and the Cloud level, where the data from all the poles will be stored. With an increased number of connected services becoming available, digital intrusion and privacy violation risks are greatly increased. Without the best security, one can only imagine the mayhem bad-faith actors (institutional or otherwise) might cause to the city of tomorrow. Privacy nightmares . Adding cameras and scanners on every street pole will not help this. As such, citizens’ should be managed upfront. Strong legal frameworks need to be created — was a good start but will need to be enhanced (strengthened?) for a new age of smart cities. Cities are already in a state of quasi-total and continuous surveillance privacy concerns the EU’s GDPR The idea of a Smart City is a tautology. , with their own specific memories, habits, and quirks. Nevertheless, it will be fascinating to observe how new infrastructure can be installed to change the way we interact with our urban environments. Cities are already smart If privacy and cyber-security concerns can be assuaged, I believe Smart Street Poles will be beneficial to millions of current and future urban dwellers. Good luck out there. Also published . here

No Smart Street Poles, No Smart Cities 

*Note: a SWOT analysis is an evaluation of the fundamental, operational, technical, social, economic, and even to some degree administrative elements of a project. This is not a model to be used for trading purposes. (NFA, DYOR) Composed of four elements, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, a SWOT analysis framework provides excellent insight for establishing a high-level understanding of the state of a project's well-being through the lens of a birds-eye view. It can help formulate decisions around which areas require more attention, set performance goals, and organize a foundational understanding of where a project is headed. Rarely (if ever) used in crypto, it is time to apply this timeless method of evaluation to the digital asset space. Today, ( ), the second-generation, enterprise-grade, non-EVM compatible layer one blockchain, will get a SWOT. Algorand ALGO 💪 Strengths (Internal) (Helpful) 1. Zero Downtime In the case of open, public blockchains, there is no room for downtime. Notable projects have experienced outages previously (Solana, Arbitrum), which continue to be a haunting topic weaponized against them. Since its launch in 2019, four years of uninterrupted operations have given Algorand due credibility in terms of its network reliability. Factoring in that Algorand has opted for growth via enterprise (rather than individual consumers), up-time is a non-negotiable pre-requisite. 2. Stable Network Fee Consumers don't like volatility. The long and short of it is that in order for any blockchain application to achieve the vision of integrating Web3 into the fabric of society, products must be produced with mass appeal/usability. Volatility is a tremendous deterrent for non-crypto natives adopting any application in a meaningful way. It creates more complexity for companies trying to develop products and adds cognitive load on the consumer experience. Not to mention that governments and enterprise-grade organizations prefer solutions that can provide some sense of stability. Due to technical nuances in the Algorand Virtual Machine, transactions of any complexity can be executed at a fixed, predictable cost (0.001 ALGO). While the fee does have some fluctuations during congested periods, they are immaterial in the grand context of things. 3. Strong Performance Metrics With the potential to sustain up to 10,000 TPS, with a 3.3-second block time and instant finality, Alogrand has been able to attract quite a bit of attention, which can be seen by impressive metrics of the on-chain data. Daily transaction count is easily eclipsing >600,000. Per block TX floating above 40. Total Value Locked exceeding 150 million. Nearly 100,000,000 in stablecoins are on-chain, even after the marketwide collapse. Decently diverse DEFI landscape with over 30 protocols (and counting). Over . Over ~7.5 million, and growing, different ASA (Algorand Standard Assets) have been issued. Average on-chain balance compressed from alongside massive injections of ALGO tokens into circulation (7.1 B to 8.4 B), signaling an increasing distribution of holders (4,000,000 new accounts over a year). 1,000 nodes 6,800 to 5,100 4. Fork Resistant Forks, also known as partitions, are a common occurrence in distributed environments where a slip in communication channels causes validator nodes to simultaneously produce different blocks, causing the chain to split and disrupt network functionality. These disruptions invite malicious actors to subvert the system for monetary gain, such as through double-spending. Algorand made a conscious decision in the architecture of its network where Consistency is more important than Availability. Thus, in the event of a partition, the network halts, stopping any activity from taking place until the fork is resolved. This philosophical approach creates a more secure environment. 5. Cognizance of Quantum Computing Quantum computing is the next frontier in terms of evolution for hardware. Still unclear about the full range of its implications, one thing that is certain is that in the presence of quantum computing, certain mathematical logic will break. Among those things are algorithms underpinning blockchains. Preparing for a post-quantum world shows a high level of commitment to the security of a network. Through a combination of State-Proofs and the integration of a lattice-based digital signature scheme called Falcon, Algorand is already imbued with quantum-resistant properties. 6. Immediate Finality Public blockchains are known for their delayed, if not perpetually probable, finality issues that have resulted in chain rollbacks. Rollbacks are what they sound like, essentially unwinding some portion of historical activity. Events that can cause unintended economic disruptions on both commercial and personal levels. Finality is the guarantee that a transaction cannot be reverted. The quicker the finality, the higher the degree of certainty and the more comfortable users are. Alogrand's One-Block finality creates a digital environment that is highly desirable for enterprise-grade, mission-critical applications. 7. PPoS Consensus Whenever a crypto project puts emphasis on developing novel approaches for achieving consensus in a decentralized environment, it shows a great deal of industry understanding and desire to innovate. In alignment with its desire for carbon neutrality and energy efficiency, Algorand has developed an adaption of PoS consensus called PPoS (Pure-Proof-of-Stake). One of the most attractive attributes of PPoS is that it is maximally inclusive with a very accessible 1 ALGO token requirement for participating. 8. Over 80% of ALGO in Circulation The higher the total amount of a token there is in circulation, the more likely it is that distribution is higher, and the price is closer to being absolved of selling pressure from new tokens coming into the market, ultimately allowing for a higher degree of freedom for price discovery by natural market forces. Taking into consideration the broader crypto landscape, Algorand is easily in the upper tier of circulating supply. 😞 Weaknesses (Internal) (Harmful) 1. Low Participation Barriers A tradeoff that is made in the presence of the PPoS mechanism. Being maximally inclusive may sound appealing on the surface, but in practice, a duality arises, revealing unintended security implications. With lower barriers to entry, participants suffer from the tragedy of the commons, where the low nominal stake value is not strong enough to truly engage users. Less engagement from the users results in an environment where subtle coercion can take place, and nobody will have the motivation/incentive to prove, inspect, or challenge anything. The more skin in the game, the more committed a user, the stronger the social feedback, the more resilience against malicious actors. 2. AVM (Algorand Virtual Machine) Granted, there are benefits in having a custom virtual machine, such as can be seen with the AVM's ability to sustain transaction prices regardless of a transaction's complexity. A regular send, multi-send, and contract execution all have the same network cost. However, on the flip side, having a separate VM means having design specifications that are not universally adopted, in turn depriving Algorand of the existing infrastructure. 3. Difficult for Devs to Build Tightly related to the use of its own virtual machine, Algorand requires its own specialized knowledge. The project is developed with a language called Teal, a very obscure, non-developer-friendly option. This causes a severe disconnect as devs won't want to learn a new language, users won't be able to interact with the ecosystem due to a lack of products, and companies are forced to spend much more money in search of qualified personnel just to build on Algorand. 🧐 Opportunities (External) (Helpful) 1. Contender for CBDCs A point that is contested by many crypto natives, Central Bank Digital Currencies are one of the killer potential use cases for crypto as a whole. Algorand has been developing relationships with nations and banks to conduct programs on the network. Winning in this domain can result in influxes of capital denoted in the hundreds of billions, if not trillions of dollars. 2. Algokit and Python Language Introduction Acutely aware of the issues facing Algorand with not being friendly to developers, the project has put efforts towards the creation of Providing assistance across the entire lifecycle of the creative process, from back-end dapp to front-end interface, Algokit 2.0, is a suite of tools to help developers. A major part of the solution will introduce Python for programming. Comparing Python's huge base of 8.2 million devs to Teal's unknown/unmeasured dev base, the impacts in terms of creative space become exponential. With an excellent recursive feedback loop, where more devs make more apps, more apps invite more users who are searching for more apps, which invites more devs to build. 3. Founder Reputation Silvio Micali is a highly respected individual in the field of cryptography and information security. Being a Turing award winner, Micali was the co-inventor of zero-knowledge proofs, probabilistic encryption, VRFs (Verifiable Random Functions), and many other innovations. Oh, he also holds 47 patents across concepts, including RNG (random number generation), identification schemes, digital signatures, digital certificates, electronic transactions, and the like. His reputation has bled into the fibers of the project and given it extreme credibility among the scholarly and technological communities. 4. Increasing Decentralization As it relates to consensus, the communications taking place on Algorand currently happen through a hub-and-spoke model, where messages are propagated through a network of tightly knit nodes (a notoriously more centralized architecture). These consensus nodes do not receive any rewards for participating. If nodes have no incentive to participate in consensus, then only large insiders will take over the network because smaller players will simply not want to allocate their resources. The project intends to transcend into a mode decentralized version of itself by implementing a peer-to-peer gossip protocol for nodes to disseminate information and activating incentivized consensus. 😳 Threats (External) (Harmful) 1. Non-EVM Compatible Ethereum's VM is the industry's most popular environment, it hosts the most diversity in technological exploration, the largest community, the most liquidity, the most developers, and the most applications. Deploying a network that does not natively interact with EVM means depriving it of a robust, flourishing external ecosystem. As it stands today, the thought of successful non-EVM environments brings to mind Solana (alongside a graveyard of ghost chains). In the likely event that the EVM, in fact, does become a fundamental building block in Web3, alternative approaches might be disregarded. 2. P/S Ratio Multiple The ratio of Price-to-Sale is a measurement used to establish the "fair value" of an asset that has been adapted from traditional finance. In crypto, the Price is a project's market cap, and the Sales are network revenues. The current market cap of ALGO is roughly $1 Billion USD ($1,000,000,000); last year (marked Q3 of 2022 until today), the network earned $78,000; by dividing the MCAP/Earnings, we arrive at a ratio of >12,000. That means the "fair value" of ALGO is currently 12,000 times higher than it should be based on how much economic value its network captured. Currently, this metric alone does not dictate an accurate truth (as it omits over vectors of value); however, the sheer magnitude of this ratio should not be glossed over. 3. Regulatory Kerfuffle Algorand was long endorsed (at least for its technology) by SEC chairman Gary Gensler before Gary decided to flip the script on the crypto industry. ALGO fell into the group of layer one projects that were targeted by the SEC. This created uncertainty and confusion within the community and resulted in many documents disappearing from Alogrand's website (such as the …). The image of Gary Gensler's being (indirectly) associated with the project is a sh*t stain across the windshield of its life, similar to the role of SBF in relation to Solana. government resources Takeaway: Not your typical degen chain. Elegant and sophisticated with an intellectual ambiance. Obviously, it is very quality-oriented and focused on the fundamentals. Technology and reputation are the drivers of ALGO. Adoption, not so much. Conclusion Algorand pats itself on the back a lot for solving the blockchain trilemma with its technology that is scalable, secure, and decentralized. We don't agree. We think that Algorand is using its definitions of what "decentralization" is to come to this conclusion. Simply put, the system does not employ consensus rewards, and all emissions are actually happening by distribution from the Algorand Foundation. That is centralization. (This is not a knock against the project, simply an opinion). Regardless of conflicting thoughts, the project is tier-one (at least in part due to it riding the clout of having Silvio as its founder). The true performance capabilities of Algorand are yet to be put to the test. Even though songs of 10,000 TPS are sung, the network utilization actually peaked in December of 2021 at an average of 46. All of this said, if we had to ascribe a Web2 comparative to Algorand; companies such as Oracle and Sales Force come to mind. To close this out, it would be unfair not to address the ALGO community and communications. Algorand's foundation and community have put forth a lot of effort and created a strong presence with a lot of helpful content and documentation. Thank you so much for reading, I hope this serves you well on your journey. Live long and prosper 🥂 Also published here.

The writer is smart, but don't just like, take their word for it. #DoYourOwnResearch before making any investment decisions or decisions regarding your health or security. (Do not regard any of this content as professional investment advice, or health advice)

The Algorand (ALGO) SWOT Analysis 

headlines are often dominated by ethical hackers, also known as red teamers. There's an inherent appeal in breaking things as opposed to protecting them from being broken. Cybersecurity The education system seems to be pointing in the same direction, probably because the founders of many cybersecurity training companies (at least those I consider good) are all ethical hackers themselves. Iconic roles in the community, like Kevin Mitnick (who tragically passed away this year) the person for whom the word 'Hacker' was practically invented, ended up working as an ethical hacker. Even the depiction of cybersecurity professionals at work in movies is all about attackers: think of (a classic), , and in my humble opinion, even Neo in the first movie was a pentester in training. Hackers Mr. Robot Matrix So, with these among many other reasons making red-teaming more glamorous, if you look at the list of roles that are mostly sought after by employers, it’s easy to see that the real opportunities in cybersecurity (and your higher chance to find a job) are all about becoming proficient in one of the many essential and still underrated defensive roles, also known as blue team. Cybersecurity Defense: The Art of Critical Thinking I truly understood the critical importance of blue teamers in 2016 during a conversation with the IT director of a Fortune 500 company. As we discussed training and hiring needs, he shared a revealing insight: 'For every pentester we hire, we need to bring on 10 SOC analysts, and it's incredibly hard to find them. We seek fresh graduates with the right mindset, looking specifically for critical thinkers.' This conversation was a pivotal moment for me, revealing the often overlooked but immense value of the blue team in cybersecurity. While the red team's successes often grab the limelight, it is the intricate artistry and critical thinking within the blue team's defense where the real battle is waged. Unlike the straightforward objective of a red teamer finding vulnerabilities, the blue team's role involves anticipating and protecting against a myriad of potential threats. In this nuanced world, a defensive cybersecurity professional must be proficient in technology and also master the art of prediction and strategy. It's a continuous game of mental chess, where each move requires careful consideration and foresight. Their work is less about the adrenaline rush of the attack and more about the calculated, ongoing process of safeguarding. The blue team's role is about constructing an impenetrable fortress, constantly evolving and adapting to new challenges. Blue Teams roles and job descriptions The realm of blue team roles is diverse and requires skill sets that are different and equally challenging. With the help of , a tool that provides data on the cybersecurity job market, we can review a breakdown of the most sought-after blue team role and the correspondent area of the . CyberSeek NICE framework Job Role NICE Area Cybersecurity Analyst/SOC Analyst Protect and Defend (PR) Cybersecurity Manager Oversee and Govern (OV) Cybersecurity Engineer Securely Provision (SP) IT Auditor Oversee and Govern (OV) Cybersecurity Specialist Operate and Maintain (OM) Cybersecurity Consultant Oversee and Govern (OV) Incident & Intrusion Analyst Protect and Defend (PR) Cybersecurity Architect Securely Provision (SP) Cyber Crime Analyst Investigate (IN) Cybersecurity Analyst/SOC Analyst Cybersecurity Analysts and SOC Analysts are responsible for monitoring organizational networks for security breaches and investigating when a breach occurs. They implement and maintain security measures to protect systems from cyber threats. Cybersecurity Manager Cybersecurity Managers develop and oversee the implementation of policies and procedures to ensure that an organization's data and infrastructure are protected. They manage a team of cybersecurity professionals and coordinate security initiatives across departments. Cybersecurity Engineer Cybersecurity Engineers focus on designing and building secure systems. They are responsible for the technical implementation of security systems that prevent attacks and ensure the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive data. IT Auditor IT Auditors evaluate the effectiveness of an organization’s IT controls, policies, and procedures. They ensure compliance with laws and regulations, safeguarding against inefficiencies and ensuring the security of IT systems and business operations. Cybersecurity Specialist Cybersecurity Specialists are hands-on professionals who address various aspects of information security, from configuring networks and patching vulnerabilities to running risk assessment and response protocols. Cybersecurity Consultant Cybersecurity Consultants assess cybersecurity risks, problems, and solutions for different organizations and advise on best security practices. They may also design and implement security solutions. Incident & Intrusion Analyst These analysts detect and respond to cyber incidents and intrusions. They analyze security breaches to understand the root cause, mitigate damage, and develop strategies to prevent future incidents. Cybersecurity Architect Cybersecurity Architects are responsible for creating, maintaining, and updating an organization's security architecture. They plan and design security systems that address the organization's needs against cyber threats. Cyber Crime Analyst Cyber Crime Analysts focus on investigating cybercrimes. They collect evidence, analyze data breaches, and work with other cybersecurity professionals to prevent future cybercrimes. To complete the overview, always with the help of Cyberseek data, we can see how 6 out of 7 of the highest-paying cybersecurity job titles in the US are for blue team roles: ●      Security Architect: $151,547 ●      Cybersecurity Manager: $128,665 ●      Cybersecurity Engineer: $127,094 ●      Security Analyst: $107,517 ●      Cybersecurity Specialist: $106,265 ●      IT Security Auditor: $105,692 This analysis highlights the significance and the highly rewarding nature of blue team roles in the cybersecurity field. The Role of Blue Teams in Shaping the Use of AI in Cybersecurity During my tenure at a top-tier cybersecurity training company, I observed a curious paradox. The market was flooded with AI-based platforms, marketed as the next big thing in bolstering organizational cyber defenses. Yet, as these platforms proliferated, so did cyber attacks. The core of the issue lay not in the technology itself but in its users. Many blue team professionals, responsible for operating these platforms, lacked the necessary skills to leverage these advanced technologies effectively. It became clear that while AI could offer cutting-edge solutions, its true potential was only unlocked through the expertise of well-trained individuals. In the cybersecurity arena, the allure of AI as a silver bullet for automated defense is a myth that blue teams know all too well. As discussed earlier, the pressing demand for "critical thinkers" underscores a truth in the cybersecurity field: the human element is irreplaceable. AI platforms, while revolutionary, fall short without the discerning judgment and analytical prowess of skilled professionals. Blue teams, the guardians of company infrastructures, are critical in shaping the role of AI in cybersecurity. AI can process and analyze data at a speed and scale unattainable by humans alone, yet it lacks the nuanced understanding that comes from years of experience in the field. For AI to be truly effective, it requires the oversight of those who can interpret its data and understand its implications—roles that blue teams are perfectly suited to fill. Incorporating AI into cybersecurity strategies enhances capabilities, but it does not negate the need for blue teams. Instead, it amplifies their importance. Teams composed of adept individuals can utilize AI to sift through noise, pinpoint anomalies, and prioritize threats. This synergy between human insight and machine efficiency is where the true power lies. Blue teams' ability to employ critical thinking enables them to fine-tune AI tools, tailor them to specific organizational needs, and, importantly, question their output. This is crucial because AI, for all its advancements, can still be misled or manipulated. It is the role of the blue team to detect when AI is being deceived and to step in before any damage is done. By embracing AI as a tool—not a replacement—blue teams can elevate their defense mechanisms to outmaneuver threat actors. The future of cybersecurity hinges on this partnership, where AI extends the reach of human capabilities, and blue teams provide the strategic context and ethical framework that AI alone cannot achieve. As we continue to embrace AI, it's the blue teams, with their critical thinking and analytical skills, who will lead the charge in securing our digital frontiers. Training Resources to Explore a Blue Team Career For students eager to start a career in blue team cybersecurity, there are numerous free resources available that provide a solid grounding in the field without the need for significant financial investment. These resources are not only accessible but also offer high-quality information and training to help kickstart a successful career in cybersecurity defense. The following are some notable resources: Online Blogs and Tutorials: offers an array of blue team tutorials. HackerSploit YouTube Channels Covering Various Aspects of Blue Team Cybersecurity: For a general overview, including malware analysis and Capture The Flag (CTF) challenges, is highly recommended. John Hammond's channel To learn about blue team career paths, skills, and certifications, channels like and are excellent. DayCyberwox Cyberwox Academy also provides valuable insights into blue team careers. Gerald Auger's channel For those interested in forensics, the offers in-depth content. Check it out at 13Cubed YouTube Channel. 13Cubed channel Channels like , and are exceptional for learning about malware analysis. Malware Analysis For Hedgehogs OALabs These resources are not only easily accessible but also provide high-quality training and information, setting the foundation for a successful career in cybersecurity defense. Flipping the narrative The cybersecurity industry, traditionally driven by exceptional individuals and ethical hackers at heart, has shaped newcomers' perceptions of careers in this field. However, we are now entering a phase of maturity that calls for the adoption of a new perspective. This shift is vital not only to steer new talents in the right direction but also to assist employers in addressing their evolving needs. This evolution in perspective reflects a deeper understanding of the industry's dynamics and the importance of aligning talent development with the changing demands of cybersecurity, ensuring a more strategic and inclusive approach to both career development and recruitment.

The Most Neglected Roles in Cybersecurity are Your Best Bet for Employment

Tough conversations are an unavoidable part of a leader's life. Last week, I spoke about the . And the next step after figuring out the reasons is to look for ways to improve them. This time, I have some tips and examples related to such challenging situations that you can use to make difficult conversations easy for yourself. Apart from just tips, I found this blog that gives a . Please have a look at it and then continue reading some tips to help you navigate tough conversations easily and confidently. five primary reasons that cause difficult conversations at work 5-step framework for having tough conversations with examples Active Listening and Open Questions Have you ever disagreed with your colleagues or team members about the work where navigating that conversation took a lot of work? Here's the trick: pause your thoughts and let your ears take the wheel. Yep, active listening is the key. When you disagree, pause and genuinely listen to the other person. It's like stepping into their shoes. And if things are still fuzzy, ask them some open-ended questions. This lets them explain their viewpoint in detail and take the conversation ahead. In this way, you're not just understanding them better; you're showing them respect and that you care about what they're saying. If you still don't see eye to eye, share your perspective after giving them the floor. It's like turning a potential argument into a trust-building chat. Using "I" Statements The dynamics of working in a team - you've been there, right? When you're going above and beyond while someone else seems to be MIA on their share of work, you have to address it. Here's how you can speak to that colleague– Using "I" statements. Instead of pointing fingers and saying, "Hey, you're not pulling your weight," try something like, "I've noticed that I've been carrying a bigger load of the team project, and it's getting a bit overwhelming for me." See what's happening? You're spotlighting what you are experiencing and not blaming them for slacking. It opens the door for a heart-to-heart on why you're feeling the pressure and how you can tag-team things. Prepare and Plan Do you often get into a difficult conversation and struggle to find the words mid-way? Preparation might be the key here. Before you start a tough conversation, take some time to prepare and plan what you will say. Identify the main points you want to address, consider the best time and setting, and anticipate the potential reactions and how you'll handle them. You are a manager and must address an employee's inappropriate workplace behavior. How would you prepare for this situation? You'll document specific incidents of their behavior and note how it impacts the team. You'll also try to choose a private and neutral space to address your concerns. You can also practice conveying your concerns assertively to ensure the best possible results. Practice self-awareness Personal issues can have a significant impact on how you engage with people at your work. It gets difficult for managers to handle tough conversations when they are going through something emotional. These situations are bound to happen to you as a leader, where you won't feel on the top of your game. But here, what is essential for you is to be aware of this yourself and acknowledge it in front of your team members. Imagine that you have a meeting at work but are feeling quite stressed due to something at home. Here, you begin by being mindful of what you are feeling. Before entering the conversation, take a few moments to relax and calm your emotions. You can start the meeting by saying, "I'm dealing with some personal stress today, which might affect how I communicate. If I seem a bit off, it's not related to our team. I'll try my best to stay focused, and your understanding would mean a lot." Foster constructive dialogue As a manager, your role in facilitating productive discussions amidst conflicting viewpoints is crucial. Encourage an open-door policy, ensuring team members feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and concerns. Establish ground rules that promote respectful communication and active listening within the team. Let's say that you have two team members who have opposing views on the direction of a project, which is starting to create confusion and tension within the team. To handle this situation, you can organize a team meeting to address the issue. Start by encouraging both team members to express their perspectives and listen actively to them. Also, allow other team members to convey their thoughts about the direction best suited for the project. Listen to all the pros and cons and make an informed decision. To conclude, I would say that practice makes you perfect. Well, we won’t aim for perfection, but having these tough conversations head-on without fear will surely make you better at them. Also, these tips will not only help you in having difficult conversations at work but also transform how you communicate with your team. And comes in extremely handy when you and your team face some tough situations, all while helping create a positive and healthy environment at work. Do try some of these tips and let me know what else has helped you handle tough talks at your workplace.

5 Practical Tips for Navigating Difficult Dialogue with Your Team  

The US dollar remains the world’s favorite reserve currency, but its dominance has come under unprecedented levels of scrutiny in recent times. Could USD be at risk of falling behind new rivals? And will this impact its status in the ? world of forex International trade and transactions historically revolve around the dollar, but recent geopolitical conflicts have made more nations wary about their dependence on US currency. “The risk of de-dollarization, which is a periodically recurrent theme throughout post-war history, has returned into focus due to geopolitical and geostrategic shifts,” , Strategic Research analyst at J.P. Morgan. warns Alexander Wise As more economic headwinds have lingered throughout 2022 and 2023 such as high inflation rates and subsequent Fed interest rate hikes, the dollar is not only becoming less trustworthy but more expensive to use. We’re already seeing de-dollarization in action in South America. July 2023 saw in paying for imports and exports using the Chinese renminbi. Bolivia join Brazil and Argentina In addition to this, a new gold rush has been taking place since the beginning of 2022 as nations consciously seek to move away from their heavy reliance on the dollar. According to , monetary authorities across several nations made net purchases of 387 metric tons of gold in the first half of 2023 alone, after buying a record-breaking 1,083 tons throughout 2022. data from State Street Global Advisors The move has occurred as more nations seek to diversify their assets in a bid to improve their balance sheets and gain liquidity without credit risk. De-Dollarization and FX In a nutshell, de-dollarization takes place when countries intend to reduce the influence of the dollar over their respective economies. Dollars have historically been favored as a reserve currency for many economies because it’s widely used and show relative strength in which to execute international trades and transactions efficiently. The issue here is that when economic headwinds begin to impact the strength of the dollar, countries can become interested in utilizing a new reserve currency. Finding a currency to replace the dollar can be hard work, and major alternatives have generally included the euro, yen, and British pound sterling. However, in recent years, China has ramped up the capabilities of its renminbi as an attractive reserve currency to the dollar. While we’ve seen widespread adoption among central banks, particularly in South America, the currency’s share of global reserves remains at . Despite this, the rise of renminbi reserves accounts for around a quarter of the decline in the distribution of the dollar, with Russia holding a third of all reserves in the Chinese currency. less than 2.5% While we’re also seeing de-dollarization lead to a rise in central bank holdings in gold, the impact of the movement across FX markets is becoming increasingly clear. "De-dollarization is evident in FX reserves where USD share has declined to a record as share in exports declined, but is still emerging in commodities," . claimed JPMorgan This has made the forex landscape a surprising geopolitical battleground where the US continues to fight to preserve the status of the dollar. While USD has begun to lose ground to gold due to rising central bank adoption, the currency still holds a strong 43% share of SWIFT payments, signifying its dominance. Battling the BRICs for USD Dominance Forex markets have shown that one of the biggest threats to the dollar comes in the form of the emerging BRIC nations of yesteryear. Now with many of the BRIC nations emerging as powerhouses in their own right, USD is facing fresh competition throughout the FX ecosystem. Brick alliances formed a catalyst for de-dollarization in early 2023 with some nations looking into abandoning the dollar for brokering global trades. Despite the dollar’s 43% share of SWIFT, is becoming more of a reality, with more nations considering the merits of abandoning USD. this BRIC initiative While there are forming with the dollar, we’re yet to see China’s push to compete with USD manifest itself on forex markets. tangible levels of distrust Recent USD/CNY trends have seen the trading pair move more sideways without either currency capable of breaking the deadlock. “As China has shown a stronger determination lately to defend the CNY and sentiment is already very weak, we have lowered our expectation of the pace of CNY weakening against the USD,” . explained a Danske Bank economist How can Forex Traders Anticipate De-Dollarization? Should forex traders be looking for de-dollarization? Is the strength of the dollar set to come under greater pressure in the coming months? Evidence suggests that no single successor will overpower USD, but the emergence of multiple alternatives may point to a fragmented landscape. This push for a more diverse network of reserve assets could significantly impact the forex landscape. Even assets like corporate debt, real estate, and alternative currencies could come into play when it comes to reserve asset blocks. "This is the process that is underway. The dollar is going to be used less in the global system,” , managing director of Toscafund Hong Kong. explains Mark Tinker While this will bring more uncertainty to the FX markets of tomorrow, the arrival of new reporting features from MetaQuotes designed for its flagship MetaTrader 5 terminal could help traders to more accurately that can illustrate the relative strength of the dollar against its rivals. observe the performance of key symbols The new reporting format, which was launched as part of a major update in September 2023, can help to provide traders with a more direct overview of specific pairs, their respective profit factors, and percentage-based performance over time. This ability to observe trends surrounding the performance of USD in a more holistic manner alongside external asset performance can help to more accurately adapt their strategy based on the climate surrounding de-dollarization. forex traders As economic headwinds and geopolitical frictions persist, the dollar may be facing an unprecedented level of uncertainty regarding its dominant status in FX. Traders should adapt to this changing environment by incorporating these factors into their fundamental analysis. Whether the push for de-dollarization is sustainable or not, we’re likely to see the battle for dominance played out throughout the world of forex.

HackerNoon Tech Stories Archive November 19th, 2023

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Techbeat

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Julie Plavnik

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Davide Carmeci

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